US20040174629A1 - Introducing a noise signal into a read-back signal when data is written to a removable data storage medium - Google Patents
Introducing a noise signal into a read-back signal when data is written to a removable data storage medium Download PDFInfo
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- US20040174629A1 US20040174629A1 US10/383,856 US38385603A US2004174629A1 US 20040174629 A1 US20040174629 A1 US 20040174629A1 US 38385603 A US38385603 A US 38385603A US 2004174629 A1 US2004174629 A1 US 2004174629A1
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- data storage
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- storage medium
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- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
- G11B20/00—Signal processing not specific to the method of recording or reproducing; Circuits therefor
- G11B20/10—Digital recording or reproducing
- G11B20/10009—Improvement or modification of read or write signals
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- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
- G11B20/00—Signal processing not specific to the method of recording or reproducing; Circuits therefor
- G11B20/10—Digital recording or reproducing
- G11B20/18—Error detection or correction; Testing, e.g. of drop-outs
- G11B20/1879—Direct read-after-write methods
Definitions
- the present application generally relates to writing data to a removable data storage medium, and more particularly to introducing a noise signal into a read-back signal when data is written to a removable data storage medium.
- a data storage medium can be interchangeably used in multiple data storage devices.
- a data storage device can interchangeably use multiple removable data storage media. For example, when the removable data storage medium is a magnetic tape cartridge, data can be stored onto a magnetic tape in the magnetic tape cartridge using one tape drive, then the stored data can be retrieved from the magnetic tape cartridge using another tape drive.
- a read-after-write operation can be used to check for errors in writing the data to the removable data storage medium. More particularly, during the write process, when data is written to the removable data storage medium by a write head, the data written to the removable data storage medium is read by a read head to generate a read-back signal. The read-back signal can be used to determine if an error occurred in writing the data to the removable data storage medium. If an error is detected, the data can be re-written.
- the data stored on the removable data storage medium is read by the read head to retrieve the data from the removable data storage medium.
- data written to the removable data storage medium is read during the write process to check for errors in writing the data and read during a read process to retrieve the data from the removable data storage medium.
- the removable data storage medium is interchangeable, the data can be read during the write process by one read head in a first data storage device and read during the read process by another read head in a second data storage device.
- the read head in the first data storage device may be able to read the data during the write process but the read head in the second data storage device may not be able to read the same data during the read process.
- the data stored on the removable data storage medium by the first data storage device cannot be retrieved using the second data storage device, which reduces the interchangeability of the removable data storage medium.
- a noise signal is introduced into a read-back signal when data is written to a removable data storage medium. While writing the data to the removable data storage medium, a portion of the data written to the removable data storage medium is read from the removable data storage medium. An error rate is determined based on the portion of the data read from the removable data storage medium. A read-back signal is generated corresponding to the portion of the data read from the removable data storage medium, which is used to detect if an error occurred in writing the portion of the data to the removable data storage medium. A noise signal is added to the read-back signal. The noise signal is adjusted based on the determined error rate.
- FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary data storage device and an exemplary removable data storage medium
- FIG. 2 depicts an exemplary tape drive and an exemplary tape cartridge
- FIG. 3 depicts an exemplary block diagram of a host communicating with a data storage device and a removable data storage medium
- FIG. 4 is a flow chart of an exemplary process of introducing a noise signal into a read-back signal
- FIG. 5 is a flow chart of another exemplary process of introducing a noise signal into a read-back signal.
- FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary embodiment of a data storage system with a removable data storage medium 102 and a data storage device 104 .
- data storage device 104 includes a receptacle 106 configured to receive removable data storage medium 102 .
- data storage device 104 writes data onto and/or reads data from removable data storage medium 102 .
- removable data storage media 102 are interchangeable, a removable data storage medium 102 can be used in any number of different data storage devices 104 .
- data storage device 104 can be used with any number of different removable data storage media 102 .
- removable data storage medium 102 can be a magnetic tape cartridge
- data storage device 104 can be a tape drive.
- a magnetic head 208 accesses (reads/writes) data on a magnetic tape 202 as the magnetic tape 202 is transferred between a supply reel 204 and a take-up reel 206 .
- magnetic tape cartridge 102 can be removed from tape drive 104 , then magnetic tape cartridge 102 can be used in another tape drive 104 and/or another magnetic tape cartridge 102 can be loaded into tape drive 104 .
- data storage device 104 includes a processor 304 that communicates with a host terminal 302 . More specifically, processor 304 receives data to be stored on removable data storage medium 102 from host terminal 302 , and sends data retrieved from removable data storage medium 102 to host terminal 302 . It should be recognized that host terminal 302 can be any type of computer, such as a person computer, a workstation, a server, and the like.
- data storage device 104 includes a write head 306 to write data onto removable data storage medium 102 and a read head 308 to read data from removable data storage medium 102 .
- data storage device 104 also includes a low-pass filter 314 , a Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter 316 , and a sequence detector 318 to process the signal generated by read head 308 (i.e., the read signal). More specifically, low pass filter 314 can be configured to reduce band noise in the read signal.
- FIR filter 316 can be configured to shape the read signal into a pulse.
- Sequence detector 318 can be configured to provide a partial response maximum likelihood detection.
- data storage device 104 includes a channel chip 312 corresponding to a data channel for reading data from and/or writing data to removable data storage medium 102 .
- a write head 306 and a read head 308 is associated with a channel chip 312 .
- data storage device 104 can include any number of channels, corresponding channel chips 312 , and corresponding write heads 306 and read heads 308 .
- a channel can correspond to a track on the magnetic tape.
- the tape drive i.e., data storage device 104
- the tape drive can include multiple channels to read data from and/or write data to multiple tracks on the magnetic tape.
- low-pass filter 314 FIR filter 316 , and sequence detector 318 are depicted as being disposed within channel chip 312 .
- channel chip 312 the various components of data storage device 104 depicted in FIG. 3 can be arranged in various configurations. Additionally, it should be recognized that any one or more of the components of data storage device 104 depicted in FIG. 3 can be omitted depending on the application. Furthermore, data storage device 104 can include any number of additional components not depicted in FIG. 3 depending on the application.
- data is stored on the removable data storage medium 102 during a write process and retrieved during a read process. Additionally, during the write process, data storage device 104 is configured to check for errors in writing the data to removable data storage medium 102 using a read-after-write operation.
- data storage device 104 includes write head 306 and read head 308 .
- write head 306 writes data to removable data storage medium 102
- read head 308 reads data from removable data storage medium 102 .
- read head 308 reads data written by write head 306 to check for errors in writing the data to removable data storage medium 102 . If an error is detected, the data can be rewritten. For example, write head 306 can re-write the data to a different portion of the removable data storage medium 102 .
- write head 306 and read head 308 are depicted separately. It should be recognized, however, that write head 306 and read head 308 can be clustered together. It should also be recognized that the read-after-write operation can be performed and data can be re-written when an error is detected while the removable data storage medium 102 operates in multiple directions. For example, with reference to FIG. 3,
- removable data storage medium 102 is a magnetic tape cartridge with a magnetic tape
- the read-after-write operation can be performed and data can be re-written when an error is detected while the tape is being spooled onto take-up reel 206 (i.e., in a first direction) or while the tape is being spooled onto supply reel 204 (i.e., in a second direction opposite the first direction).
- data is written to and/or read from removable data storage medium 102 in data blocks of a predetermined length, such as 2 kBytes, 4 kBytes, 6 kBytes, and the like.
- Cyclic Redundancy Codes can be used to detect errors in data blocks written to removable data storage medium 102 . More specifically, prior to writing a data block in removable data storage medium 102 , a CRC is generated for the data block. When the data block is later read, a new CRC is generated for the retrieved data block. The new CRC is then compared to the CRC that was originally generated for the data block before writing the data block in removable data storage medium 102 . If the new CRC and the original CRC differ, then an error is detected for that data block, and the data block is rewritten. It should be recognized, however, that data blocks of various lengths may be used, and various error detection techniques may be used.
- a removable data storage medium 102 can be used in any number of different data storage devices 104 , and a data storage device 104 can be used with any number of different removable storage media 102 .
- data written to a removable data storage medium 102 using one data storage device 104 i.e., a first data storage device
- another data storage device 104 i.e., a second data storage device
- data written on a removable data storage medium using one data storage device cannot always be read using another data storage device.
- data storage device 104 is configured to artificially degrade the read-back signal (i.e., the signal generated by a read head during the write process) when data is written to a removable data storage medium 102 .
- data storage device 104 includes a dither circuit 320 configured to generate a noise signal and add the noise signal into the read-back signal. By adding the noise signal to the read-back signal, more errors are detected and thus more data is re-written to the removable data storage medium than without the noise signal. In this manner, the interchangeability of removable data storage medium 102 and data storage devices 104 can be increased.
- data storage device 104 includes low-pass filter 314 , FIR Filter 316 , and sequence detector 318 .
- the output of dither circuit 320 is connected to the output of FIR Filter 316 . More particularly the outputs of dither circuit 320 and FIR Filter 316 are summed at summer 324 and fed to sequence detector 318 .
- dither circuit 320 is connected to a switch 322 to selectively add a noise signal to the output of FIR Filter 316 . More particularly, when switch 322 is in a first position (i.e., an on position), the noise signal generated by dither circuit 320 is fed into the output of FIR Filter 316 . When switch 322 is in a second position (i.e., an off position), the noise signal generated by dither circuit 320 is not fed into the output of FIR Filter 316 . Thus, when data is being read during a read process, switch 322 is in the off position to not add the noise signal into the signal produced by read head 308 (i.e., the read signal).
- the quality of the read signal produced by read head 308 during a read process is not artificially degraded by dither circuit 320 .
- switch 322 is in the on position to add the noise signal into the read-back signal. Note, however, that the noise signal generated by dither circuit 320 is not introduced into the signal associated with writing data to removable data storage medium 102 . As such, the actual data stored on removable data storage medium 102 is not compromised by dither circuit 320 .
- the read-back signal i.e., the signal from read head 308 during the read-after-write operation of a write process
- more errors are generated and thus more data is re-written to increase interchangeability of removable data media and data storage devices.
- an error rate is determined and the amount of noise introduced into the read-back signal is adjusted based on the determined error rate.
- an exemplary process 400 is depicted to introduce a noise signal into a read-back signal during a write process.
- step 402 while writing data to a removable data storage medium, a portion of the data written to the removable data medium is read.
- data can be written and read in data blocks.
- a data block that was written to the removable data storage medium is read.
- each data block of the data is written then read to check for errors in writing the data to the removable data storage medium.
- an error rate is determined based on the portion of the data read from the removable data storage medium. It should be recognized that an error rate can be measured using various metrics, such as the number of errors detected within a certain amount of data being written. For example, when data is written in data blocks, an error rate can be determined by counting the number of errors after a certain number of data blocks have been written and read-back as part of the read-after-write operation. For example, if in writing 1000 data blocks a total of 2 errors are detected, the error rate would be 2 errors per 1000 data blocks. Alternatively, the error rate can be measured as the number of errors detected within a certain amount of bytes of data, such as a megabyte, gigabyte, and the like.
- step 406 a read-back signal corresponding to the portion of the data read from the removable data storage medium is read.
- the read-back signal is used to determine if an error occurred in writing the portion of the data to the removable data storage medium.
- step 408 a noise signal is added to the read-back signal.
- the noise signal artificially degrades the read-back signal to increase the amount of errors detected.
- step 410 the noise signal can be adjusted based on the determined error rate.
- a feedback is created such that the amount by which the read-back signal is degraded by the noise signal can be controlled.
- exemplary process 400 can include any number of additional steps not depicted in FIG. 4. Additionally, one or more steps depicted in FIG. 4 can be omitted from process 400 . Furthermore, exemplary process 400 need not be performed in the order depicted in FIG. 4 or described above.
- the error rate can be determined (step 404 ) after the read-back signal is generated (step 406 ) or after the noise signal is added to the read-back signal (step 408 ).
- process 400 can be implemented as a computer program, which includes computer executable instructions to direct the operation of a data storage device.
- process 400 (FIG. 4) can direct the operation of channel chip 312 and/or processor 304 of data storage device 104 .
- exemplary process 400 can be implemented in hardware, such as in an Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), or a combination of software and hardware.
- ASIC Application-Specific Integrated Circuit
- a minimum error rate is established, which can be used in multiple data storage devices.
- the noise signal is adjusted (step 410 ) by increasing the noise signal to correspondingly increase the error rate and the amount of re-written data.
- a minimum error rate can be established based on various factors and/or considerations. For example, increasing the minimum error rate increases the error rate, the amount of re-written data, and thus the interchangeability of removable storage media and data storage devices, but decreases the available storage capacity of the removable data storage medium. Conversely, decreasing the minimum error rate decreases the error rate, the amount re-written data, and thus the interchangeability of removable storage media and data storage devices, but increases the available storage capacity of the removable data storage medium.
- a maximum error rate is established in addition to a minimum error rate.
- the amount of noise introduced is decreased. In this manner, the amount of noise introduced is maintained between a range corresponding to the established maximum and minimum error rates.
- a maximum amount of noise to be introduced i.e., a maximum noise level
- a minimum amount of noise to be introduced i.e., a minimum noise level
- the amount of noise introduced is maintained between a range corresponding to the maximum and minimum noise levels.
- FIG. 5 another exemplary process 500 is depicted to introduce a noise signal into a read-back signal during a write process.
- the introduced noise signal is a pseudo-random white Gaussian noise, such as a dither signal. It should be recognized, however, that various types of noise signals can be used.
- step 502 a determination is made as to whether the data is being written to the start of a track.
- data can be written to a removable data storage medium in one or more tracks.
- the removable data storage medium is a tape cartridge with a magnetic tape, data can be written to multiple tracks on the tape.
- an initial dither value is obtained.
- the initial dither value can be the dither value for the channel or read head used in writing data to the previous track.
- the initial dither value can be an established default value or an optimized value determined using a calibration process.
- a dither value calibration process See U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/043,597, entitled ENHANCED READ MARGINING USING DITHER ENHANCED WRITE MARGINALIZATION FOR MASS DATA STORAGE APPLICATIONS, filed on Jan. 9, 2002, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
- an error rate is determined. More particularly, the number of errors detected while writing a certain amount of data is determined. However, as noted above, an error rate can be measuring using various metrics.
- step 508 the determined error rate is compared to an established maximum error rate (i.e., an upper limit). If the determine error rate is more than the upper limit, then in step 510 the current dither value is compared to an established minimum dither value. If the current dither value is the same as the minimum dither value, then the current dither value is maintained. If the current dither value is not the same as the minimum dither value, then in step 512 the current dither value is reduced by an increment.
- an established maximum error rate i.e., an upper limit
- step 508 if the determined error rate is not more than the upper limit, then in step 514 the determined error rate is compared to an established minimum error rate (i.e., a lower limit). If the determined error rate is not less than the lower limit, then the current dither value is maintained. If the determined error rate is less than the lower limit, then in step 516 the current dither value is compared to an established maximum dither value. If the current dither value is the same as the maximum dither value, then the current dither value is maintained. If the current dither value is not the same as the maximum dither value, then in step 518 the current dither value is increased by an increment.
- an established minimum error rate i.e., a lower limit
- exemplary process 500 can include any number of additional steps not depicted in FIG. 5. Additionally, one or more steps depicted in FIG. 5 can be omitted from process 500 . Furthermore, exemplary process 500 need not be performed in the order depicted in FIG. 5 or described above.
- process 500 can be implemented as a computer program, which includes computer executable instructions to direct the operation of a data storage device.
- process 500 (FIG. 5) can direct the operation of channel chip 312 and/or processor 304 of data storage device 104 .
- exemplary process 500 can be implemented in hardware, such as in an Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), or a combination of software and hardware.
- ASIC Application-Specific Integrated Circuit
- data storage device 104 can include multiple channels, corresponding channel chips 312 , and corresponding write heads 306 and read heads 308 . Additionally, data storage device 104 can include corresponding dither circuits 320 to introduce noise signals into the multiple channels.
- initial dither values for the channels are obtained.
- initial dither values are as follows: TABLE 1 Initial Dither Values CH 0 CH 1 CH 2 CH 3 CH 4 CH 5 CH 6 CH 7 9 13 12 12 12 15 12 10
- an error rate is determined. For this example, assume that the following error rates are determined, where the error rates indicate the number of errors detected after 1000 data blocks have been written: TABLE 2 Error Rates Per Channel CH 0 CH 1 CH 2 CH 3 CH 4 CH 5 CH 6 CH 7 1 5 4 1 10 2 0 4
- step 508 the determined error rates are compared to the maximum error rate, which in this example is assumed to be 5. Because channel 4 has an error rate greater than 5, in step 510 the current dither value, which in this example is assumed to be 12, is compared with the minimum dither value, which in this example is assumed to be 2. Thus, for channel 4 , in step 512 , the dither value is decreased by an increment, which in this example is by 1.
- step 508 the error rates of the other channels were not more than 5
- step 514 the error rates of these channels are compared to the minimum error rate, which in this example is assumed to be 1.
- step 516 the current dither value for channel 6 , which in this example is 12, is compared with the maximum dither value, which in this example is assumed to be 17.
- step 518 the dither value for channel 6 is increased by an increment, which in this example is by 1.
- Table 3 summarizes the newly adapted dither values for the channels: TABLE 3 Adapted Dither Values CH 0 CH 1 CH 2 CH 3 CH 4 CH 5 CH 6 CH 7 9 13 12 12 11 15 13 10
- a new set of error rates is determined for the channels.
- the following error rates are determined: TABLE 4 Error Rates Per Channel CH 0 CH 1 CH 2 CH 3 CH 4 CH 5 CH 6 CH 7 3 5 4 1 2 1 2 7
- channel 7 has an error rate greater than the maximum error rate. Because the dither value for channel 7 is greater than the minimum dither value, the dither value for channel 7 is decreased. Note that because the error rates for all of the remaining channels are within the range of the maximum and minimum error rates, the dither values for these channels are maintained.
- Table 3 summarizes the newly adapted dither values for the channels: TABLE 5 Adapted Dither Values CH 0 CH 1 CH 2 CH 3 CH 4 CH 5 CH 6 CH 7 9 13 12 12 11 15 12 9
- a new set of error rates is again determined for the channels.
- the following error rates are determined: TABLE 6 Error Rates Per Channel CH 0 CH 1 CH 2 CH 3 CH 4 CH 5 CH 6 CH 7 2 1 4 4 2 3 0 3
- channel 6 has an error rate less than the minimum error rate. Because the dither value for channel 6 is less than the maximum dither value, the dither value for channel 6 is increased. Note that because the error rates for all of the remaining channels are within the range of the maximum and minimum error rates, the dither values for these channels are maintained.
- Table 3 summarizes the newly adapted dither values for the channels: TABLE 7 Adapted Dither Values CH 0 CH 1 CH 2 CH 3 CH 4 CH 5 CH 6 CH 7 9 13 12 12 11 15 13 9
- a new set of error rates is again determined for the channels.
- the following error rates are determined: TABLE 8 Error Rates Per Channel CH 0 CH 1 CH 2 CH 3 CH 4 CH 5 CH 6 CH 7 2 4 2 2 5 1 2 4
- This process is repeated during the write process.
- the removable data storage medium is a tape cartridge with a magnetic tape
- this process can be repeated for the entire length of the magnetic tape as data is written on tracks on the magnetic tape.
- the last adapted dither value for a channel can be stored and used again as the initial dither value for the channel when the channel is used again.
Abstract
Description
- 1. Field of the Invention
- The present application generally relates to writing data to a removable data storage medium, and more particularly to introducing a noise signal into a read-back signal when data is written to a removable data storage medium.
- 2. Related Art
- In a conventional data storage system that uses a removable data storage medium, data can be stored on the removable data storage medium using one data storage device and retrieved using another data storage device. Thus, the removable data storage medium can be interchangeably used in multiple data storage devices. Conversely, a data storage device can interchangeably use multiple removable data storage media. For example, when the removable data storage medium is a magnetic tape cartridge, data can be stored onto a magnetic tape in the magnetic tape cartridge using one tape drive, then the stored data can be retrieved from the magnetic tape cartridge using another tape drive.
- During a write process, when data is stored on a removable data storage medium, a read-after-write operation can be used to check for errors in writing the data to the removable data storage medium. More particularly, during the write process, when data is written to the removable data storage medium by a write head, the data written to the removable data storage medium is read by a read head to generate a read-back signal. The read-back signal can be used to determine if an error occurred in writing the data to the removable data storage medium. If an error is detected, the data can be re-written.
- During a read process, the data stored on the removable data storage medium is read by the read head to retrieve the data from the removable data storage medium. Thus, data written to the removable data storage medium is read during the write process to check for errors in writing the data and read during a read process to retrieve the data from the removable data storage medium. Because the removable data storage medium is interchangeable, the data can be read during the write process by one read head in a first data storage device and read during the read process by another read head in a second data storage device. However, in some circumstances, the read head in the first data storage device may be able to read the data during the write process but the read head in the second data storage device may not be able to read the same data during the read process. Thus, in these circumstances, because the data was not re-written, the data stored on the removable data storage medium by the first data storage device cannot be retrieved using the second data storage device, which reduces the interchangeability of the removable data storage medium.
- In one exemplary embodiment, a noise signal is introduced into a read-back signal when data is written to a removable data storage medium. While writing the data to the removable data storage medium, a portion of the data written to the removable data storage medium is read from the removable data storage medium. An error rate is determined based on the portion of the data read from the removable data storage medium. A read-back signal is generated corresponding to the portion of the data read from the removable data storage medium, which is used to detect if an error occurred in writing the portion of the data to the removable data storage medium. A noise signal is added to the read-back signal. The noise signal is adjusted based on the determined error rate.
- FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary data storage device and an exemplary removable data storage medium;
- FIG. 2 depicts an exemplary tape drive and an exemplary tape cartridge;
- FIG. 3 depicts an exemplary block diagram of a host communicating with a data storage device and a removable data storage medium;
- FIG. 4 is a flow chart of an exemplary process of introducing a noise signal into a read-back signal; and
- FIG. 5 is a flow chart of another exemplary process of introducing a noise signal into a read-back signal.
- The following description sets forth numerous specific configurations, parameters, and the like. It should be recognized, however, that such description is not intended as a limitation on the scope of the present invention, but is instead provided to provide a better description of exemplary embodiments.
- FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary embodiment of a data storage system with a removable
data storage medium 102 and adata storage device 104. In the present exemplary embodiment,data storage device 104 includes a receptacle 106 configured to receive removabledata storage medium 102. When a removabledata storage medium 102 is loaded in receptacle 106,data storage device 104 writes data onto and/or reads data from removabledata storage medium 102. Because removabledata storage media 102 are interchangeable, a removabledata storage medium 102 can be used in any number of differentdata storage devices 104. Conversely,data storage device 104 can be used with any number of different removabledata storage media 102. - For example, with reference to FIG. 2, removable
data storage medium 102 can be a magnetic tape cartridge, anddata storage device 104 can be a tape drive. Thus, in this example, when amagnetic tape cartridge 102 is loaded into atape drive 104, amagnetic head 208 accesses (reads/writes) data on amagnetic tape 202 as themagnetic tape 202 is transferred between a supply reel 204 and a take-up reel 206. Whenmagnetic tape 202 is spooled back onto supply reel 204,magnetic tape cartridge 102 can be removed fromtape drive 104, thenmagnetic tape cartridge 102 can be used in anothertape drive 104 and/or anothermagnetic tape cartridge 102 can be loaded intotape drive 104. - With reference to FIG. 3, in one exemplary embodiment,
data storage device 104 includes aprocessor 304 that communicates with ahost terminal 302. More specifically,processor 304 receives data to be stored on removabledata storage medium 102 fromhost terminal 302, and sends data retrieved from removabledata storage medium 102 tohost terminal 302. It should be recognized thathost terminal 302 can be any type of computer, such as a person computer, a workstation, a server, and the like. - As depicted in FIG. 3,
data storage device 104 includes awrite head 306 to write data onto removabledata storage medium 102 and a readhead 308 to read data from removabledata storage medium 102. In the exemplary embodiment depicted in FIG. 3,data storage device 104 also includes a low-pass filter 314, a Finite Impulse Response (FIR)filter 316, and asequence detector 318 to process the signal generated by read head 308 (i.e., the read signal). More specifically,low pass filter 314 can be configured to reduce band noise in the read signal.FIR filter 316 can be configured to shape the read signal into a pulse.Sequence detector 318 can be configured to provide a partial response maximum likelihood detection. - Additionally, in the exemplary embodiment depicted in FIG. 3,
data storage device 104 includes achannel chip 312 corresponding to a data channel for reading data from and/or writing data to removabledata storage medium 102. Thus, in the present exemplary embodiment, awrite head 306 and a readhead 308 is associated with achannel chip 312. It should be recognized, however, thatdata storage device 104 can include any number of channels,corresponding channel chips 312, andcorresponding write heads 306 and readheads 308. - For example, when
storage medium 102 is a magnetic tape cartridge with a magnetic tape anddata storage device 104 is a tape drive, a channel can correspond to a track on the magnetic tape. As such, the tape drive (i.e., data storage device 104) can include multiple channels to read data from and/or write data to multiple tracks on the magnetic tape. - In the present exemplary embodiment, low-
pass filter 314,FIR filter 316, andsequence detector 318 are depicted as being disposed withinchannel chip 312. It should be recognized, however, that the various components ofdata storage device 104 depicted in FIG. 3 can be arranged in various configurations. Additionally, it should be recognized that any one or more of the components ofdata storage device 104 depicted in FIG. 3 can be omitted depending on the application. Furthermore,data storage device 104 can include any number of additional components not depicted in FIG. 3 depending on the application. - In one exemplary embodiment, data is stored on the removable
data storage medium 102 during a write process and retrieved during a read process. Additionally, during the write process,data storage device 104 is configured to check for errors in writing the data to removabledata storage medium 102 using a read-after-write operation. - More particularly, as described above,
data storage device 104 includes writehead 306 and readhead 308. During a write process, writehead 306 writes data to removabledata storage medium 102, and during a read process readhead 308 reads data from removabledata storage medium 102. Additionally, during the write process, as part of a read-after-write operation, readhead 308 reads data written by writehead 306 to check for errors in writing the data to removabledata storage medium 102. If an error is detected, the data can be rewritten. For example,write head 306 can re-write the data to a different portion of the removabledata storage medium 102. - In the exemplary embodiment depicted in FIG. 3,
write head 306 and readhead 308 are depicted separately. It should be recognized, however, thatwrite head 306 and readhead 308 can be clustered together. It should also be recognized that the read-after-write operation can be performed and data can be re-written when an error is detected while the removabledata storage medium 102 operates in multiple directions. For example, with reference to FIG. 2, if removabledata storage medium 102 is a magnetic tape cartridge with a magnetic tape, the read-after-write operation can be performed and data can be re-written when an error is detected while the tape is being spooled onto take-up reel 206 (i.e., in a first direction) or while the tape is being spooled onto supply reel 204 (i.e., in a second direction opposite the first direction). - With reference again to FIG. 1, in one exemplary embodiment, data is written to and/or read from removable
data storage medium 102 in data blocks of a predetermined length, such as 2 kBytes, 4 kBytes, 6 kBytes, and the like. Additionally, Cyclic Redundancy Codes (CRCs) can be used to detect errors in data blocks written to removabledata storage medium 102. More specifically, prior to writing a data block in removabledata storage medium 102, a CRC is generated for the data block. When the data block is later read, a new CRC is generated for the retrieved data block. The new CRC is then compared to the CRC that was originally generated for the data block before writing the data block in removabledata storage medium 102. If the new CRC and the original CRC differ, then an error is detected for that data block, and the data block is rewritten. It should be recognized, however, that data blocks of various lengths may be used, and various error detection techniques may be used. - As described above, a removable
data storage medium 102 can be used in any number of differentdata storage devices 104, and adata storage device 104 can be used with any number of differentremovable storage media 102. Thus, data written to a removabledata storage medium 102 using one data storage device 104 (i.e., a first data storage device) may be read by another data storage device 104 (i.e., a second data storage device). However, for a number of reasons, such as variability between different storage medium and read head manufacturers, data written on a removable data storage medium using one data storage device cannot always be read using another data storage device. - For example, assume that data is being written to a first portion of a removable data storage medium on a first data storage device. Assume that when the data is being written during a write process, a read-after-write operation is performed using a read head in the first data storage device. More specifically, as described above, after the data is written to the first portion of the removable data storage medium, a read head is used to read the data from the first portion to detect an error. As also described above, if an error is detected, then the data is re-written to a second portion of the removable data storage medium. If an error is not detected, then the data is not re-written.
- For the sake of this example, assume that the read head in the first data storage device is able to read the data, an error is not detected, and thus the data is not re-written to the second portion of the removable data storage medium. Now assume that the removable data storage medium is loaded into a second data storage device to be read. If the read head in the second data storage device is unable to read the data from the first portion of the removable data storage medium, the data cannot be retrieved using the second data storage device because the data was not re-written to the second portion.
- Thus, in one exemplary embodiment,
data storage device 104 is configured to artificially degrade the read-back signal (i.e., the signal generated by a read head during the write process) when data is written to a removabledata storage medium 102. More particularly, with reference to FIG. 3, in the present exemplary embodiment,data storage device 104 includes adither circuit 320 configured to generate a noise signal and add the noise signal into the read-back signal. By adding the noise signal to the read-back signal, more errors are detected and thus more data is re-written to the removable data storage medium than without the noise signal. In this manner, the interchangeability of removabledata storage medium 102 anddata storage devices 104 can be increased. - As described above, in the exemplary embodiment depicted in FIG. 3,
data storage device 104 includes low-pass filter 314,FIR Filter 316, andsequence detector 318. As depicted in FIG. 3, in the present exemplary embodiment, the output ofdither circuit 320 is connected to the output ofFIR Filter 316. More particularly the outputs ofdither circuit 320 andFIR Filter 316 are summed atsummer 324 and fed to sequencedetector 318. - Additionally, in the present exemplary embodiment,
dither circuit 320 is connected to aswitch 322 to selectively add a noise signal to the output ofFIR Filter 316. More particularly, whenswitch 322 is in a first position (i.e., an on position), the noise signal generated bydither circuit 320 is fed into the output ofFIR Filter 316. Whenswitch 322 is in a second position (i.e., an off position), the noise signal generated bydither circuit 320 is not fed into the output ofFIR Filter 316. Thus, when data is being read during a read process, switch 322 is in the off position to not add the noise signal into the signal produced by read head 308 (i.e., the read signal). Thus, the quality of the read signal produced byread head 308 during a read process is not artificially degraded bydither circuit 320. During the write process and more particularly as part of the read-after-write operation, switch 322 is in the on position to add the noise signal into the read-back signal. Note, however, that the noise signal generated bydither circuit 320 is not introduced into the signal associated with writing data to removabledata storage medium 102. As such, the actual data stored on removabledata storage medium 102 is not compromised bydither circuit 320. - As described above, by adding a noise signal into the read-back signal (i.e., the signal from
read head 308 during the read-after-write operation of a write process), more errors are generated and thus more data is re-written to increase interchangeability of removable data media and data storage devices. In one exemplary embodiment, during the read-after-write operation, an error rate is determined and the amount of noise introduced into the read-back signal is adjusted based on the determined error rate. - More particularly, with reference to FIG. 4, an
exemplary process 400 is depicted to introduce a noise signal into a read-back signal during a write process. Instep 402, while writing data to a removable data storage medium, a portion of the data written to the removable data medium is read. For example, as noted above, data can be written and read in data blocks. Thus, while the data is being written to the removable data storage medium, a data block that was written to the removable data storage medium is read. In this manner, each data block of the data is written then read to check for errors in writing the data to the removable data storage medium. - In
step 404, an error rate is determined based on the portion of the data read from the removable data storage medium. It should be recognized that an error rate can be measured using various metrics, such as the number of errors detected within a certain amount of data being written. For example, when data is written in data blocks, an error rate can be determined by counting the number of errors after a certain number of data blocks have been written and read-back as part of the read-after-write operation. For example, if in writing 1000 data blocks a total of 2 errors are detected, the error rate would be 2 errors per 1000 data blocks. Alternatively, the error rate can be measured as the number of errors detected within a certain amount of bytes of data, such as a megabyte, gigabyte, and the like. - In
step 406, a read-back signal corresponding to the portion of the data read from the removable data storage medium is read. As described above, the read-back signal is used to determine if an error occurred in writing the portion of the data to the removable data storage medium. - In
step 408, a noise signal is added to the read-back signal. As described above, the noise signal artificially degrades the read-back signal to increase the amount of errors detected. - In
step 410, the noise signal can be adjusted based on the determined error rate. Thus, a feedback is created such that the amount by which the read-back signal is degraded by the noise signal can be controlled. - For example, assume that data having 10,000 data blocks is to be written. Assume also that the first 1,000 data blocks are written then read to generate a read-back signal and to determine the error rate in writing the first 1,000 data blocks. Now assume that in reading the first 1,000 data blocks a noise signal was added to the read-back signal. The noise signal added to the read-back signal in checking the next 1,000 data blocks can be adjusted based on the error rate determined based on the first 1,000 data blocks. In this way, the noise signal can be adjusted adaptively rather than being fixed while writing the 10,000 data blocks.
- It should be recognized that
exemplary process 400 can include any number of additional steps not depicted in FIG. 4. Additionally, one or more steps depicted in FIG. 4 can be omitted fromprocess 400. Furthermore,exemplary process 400 need not be performed in the order depicted in FIG. 4 or described above. For example, the error rate can be determined (step 404) after the read-back signal is generated (step 406) or after the noise signal is added to the read-back signal (step 408). - It should also be recognized that
process 400 can be implemented as a computer program, which includes computer executable instructions to direct the operation of a data storage device. For example, with reference to FIG. 3, process 400 (FIG. 4) can direct the operation ofchannel chip 312 and/orprocessor 304 ofdata storage device 104. With reference again to FIG. 4,exemplary process 400 can be implemented in hardware, such as in an Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), or a combination of software and hardware. - With reference again to FIG. 4, in one exemplary embodiment, a minimum error rate is established, which can be used in multiple data storage devices. Thus, in the present exemplary embodiment, if the error rate determined in
step 404 is less than the minimum error rate, the noise signal is adjusted (step 410) by increasing the noise signal to correspondingly increase the error rate and the amount of re-written data. - It should be recognized that a minimum error rate can be established based on various factors and/or considerations. For example, increasing the minimum error rate increases the error rate, the amount of re-written data, and thus the interchangeability of removable storage media and data storage devices, but decreases the available storage capacity of the removable data storage medium. Conversely, decreasing the minimum error rate decreases the error rate, the amount re-written data, and thus the interchangeability of removable storage media and data storage devices, but increases the available storage capacity of the removable data storage medium.
- In another exemplary embodiment, in addition to a minimum error rate, a maximum error rate is established. Thus, if the error rate is above the maximum error rate, the amount of noise introduced is decreased. In this manner, the amount of noise introduced is maintained between a range corresponding to the established maximum and minimum error rates.
- In still another exemplary embodiment, in addition to establishing a minimum error rate, a maximum amount of noise to be introduced (i.e., a maximum noise level) is established. Thus, even if the error rate is below the minimum error rate, the amount of noise introduced is not increased above the maximum noise level. Similarly, in addition to establishing a maximum error rate, a minimum amount of noise to be introduced (i.e., a minimum noise level) is established. Thus, even if the error rate is above the maximum error rate, the amount of noise introduced is not decreased below the minimum noise level. Thus, the amount of noise introduced is maintained between a range corresponding to the maximum and minimum noise levels.
- With reference now to FIG. 5, another
exemplary process 500 is depicted to introduce a noise signal into a read-back signal during a write process. Inexemplary process 500 depicted in FIG. 5, the introduced noise signal is a pseudo-random white Gaussian noise, such as a dither signal. It should be recognized, however, that various types of noise signals can be used. - In
step 502, a determination is made as to whether the data is being written to the start of a track. As described above, in one exemplary embodiment, data can be written to a removable data storage medium in one or more tracks. For example, if the removable data storage medium is a tape cartridge with a magnetic tape, data can be written to multiple tracks on the tape. - If data is being written to the start of a new track, in
step 504, an initial dither value is obtained. For a particular channel or read head in the data storage device, the initial dither value can be the dither value for the channel or read head used in writing data to the previous track. Alternatively, the initial dither value can be an established default value or an optimized value determined using a calibration process. For a detailed description of a dither value calibration process see U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/043,597, entitled ENHANCED READ MARGINING USING DITHER ENHANCED WRITE MARGINALIZATION FOR MASS DATA STORAGE APPLICATIONS, filed on Jan. 9, 2002, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. - If data is not being written to the start of a new track or after an initial dither value is obtained, in
step 506, an error rate is determined. More particularly, the number of errors detected while writing a certain amount of data is determined. However, as noted above, an error rate can be measuring using various metrics. - After determining the error rate, in
step 508, the determined error rate is compared to an established maximum error rate (i.e., an upper limit). If the determine error rate is more than the upper limit, then instep 510 the current dither value is compared to an established minimum dither value. If the current dither value is the same as the minimum dither value, then the current dither value is maintained. If the current dither value is not the same as the minimum dither value, then instep 512 the current dither value is reduced by an increment. - In
step 508, if the determined error rate is not more than the upper limit, then instep 514 the determined error rate is compared to an established minimum error rate (i.e., a lower limit). If the determined error rate is not less than the lower limit, then the current dither value is maintained. If the determined error rate is less than the lower limit, then instep 516 the current dither value is compared to an established maximum dither value. If the current dither value is the same as the maximum dither value, then the current dither value is maintained. If the current dither value is not the same as the maximum dither value, then instep 518 the current dither value is increased by an increment. - It should be recognized that
exemplary process 500 can include any number of additional steps not depicted in FIG. 5. Additionally, one or more steps depicted in FIG. 5 can be omitted fromprocess 500. Furthermore,exemplary process 500 need not be performed in the order depicted in FIG. 5 or described above. - It should also be recognized that
process 500 can be implemented as a computer program, which includes computer executable instructions to direct the operation of a data storage device. For example, with reference to FIG. 3, process 500 (FIG. 5) can direct the operation ofchannel chip 312 and/orprocessor 304 ofdata storage device 104. With reference again to FIG. 5,exemplary process 500 can be implemented in hardware, such as in an Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), or a combination of software and hardware. - As noted above, data can be written to multiple tracks of a removable data storage medium. Thus, as also described above, with reference to FIG. 3,
data storage device 104 can include multiple channels, correspondingchannel chips 312, and corresponding write heads 306 and readheads 308. Additionally,data storage device 104 can includecorresponding dither circuits 320 to introduce noise signals into the multiple channels. - For example, assume that data is written to 8 tracks using 8 channels, 8 corresponding write heads, and 8 corresponding read heads. For this example, assume that the maximum error rate is 5, the minimum error rate is 1, the maximum dither value is 17, and the minimum dither value is 2. Also assume that the start of the tracks are being written.
- Thus, with reference to FIG. 5, in
step 504, initial dither values for the channels are obtained. For this example, assume that initial dither values are as follows:TABLE 1 Initial Dither Values CH 0 CH 1CH 2 CH 3 CH 4 CH 5 CH 6 CH 7 9 13 12 12 12 15 12 10 - In
step 506, an error rate is determined. For this example, assume that the following error rates are determined, where the error rates indicate the number of errors detected after 1000 data blocks have been written:TABLE 2 Error Rates Per Channel CH 0 CH 1CH 2 CH 3 CH 4 CH 5 CH 6 CH 7 1 5 4 1 10 2 0 4 - In
step 508, the determined error rates are compared to the maximum error rate, which in this example is assumed to be 5. Because channel 4 has an error rate greater than 5, instep 510 the current dither value, which in this example is assumed to be 12, is compared with the minimum dither value, which in this example is assumed to be 2. Thus, for channel 4, instep 512, the dither value is decreased by an increment, which in this example is by 1. - Also, because in
step 508 the error rates of the other channels were not more than 5, instep 514 the error rates of these channels are compared to the minimum error rate, which in this example is assumed to be 1. Because channel 6 has an error rate less than 1, instep 516 the current dither value for channel 6, which in this example is 12, is compared with the maximum dither value, which in this example is assumed to be 17. Thus, instep 518, the dither value for channel 6 is increased by an increment, which in this example is by 1. - Table 3 summarizes the newly adapted dither values for the channels:
TABLE 3 Adapted Dither Values CH 0 CH 1CH 2 CH 3 CH 4 CH 5 CH 6 CH 7 9 13 12 12 11 15 13 10 - Returning to step506, a new set of error rates is determined for the channels. In this example, assume that the following error rates are determined:
TABLE 4 Error Rates Per Channel CH 0 CH 1CH 2 CH 3 CH 4 CH 5 CH 6 CH 7 3 5 4 1 2 1 2 7 - Now channel7 has an error rate greater than the maximum error rate. Because the dither value for channel 7 is greater than the minimum dither value, the dither value for channel 7 is decreased. Note that because the error rates for all of the remaining channels are within the range of the maximum and minimum error rates, the dither values for these channels are maintained.
- Table 3 summarizes the newly adapted dither values for the channels:
TABLE 5 Adapted Dither Values CH 0 CH 1CH 2 CH 3 CH 4 CH 5 CH 6 CH 7 9 13 12 12 11 15 12 9 - A new set of error rates is again determined for the channels. In this example, assume that the following error rates are determined:
TABLE 6 Error Rates Per Channel CH 0 CH 1CH 2 CH 3 CH 4 CH 5 CH 6 CH 7 2 1 4 4 2 3 0 3 - Now channel6 has an error rate less than the minimum error rate. Because the dither value for channel 6 is less than the maximum dither value, the dither value for channel 6 is increased. Note that because the error rates for all of the remaining channels are within the range of the maximum and minimum error rates, the dither values for these channels are maintained.
- Table 3 summarizes the newly adapted dither values for the channels:
TABLE 7 Adapted Dither Values CH 0 CH 1CH 2 CH 3 CH 4 CH 5 CH 6 CH 7 9 13 12 12 11 15 13 9 - A new set of error rates is again determined for the channels. In this example, assume that the following error rates are determined:
TABLE 8 Error Rates Per Channel CH 0 CH 1CH 2 CH 3 CH 4 CH 5 CH 6 CH 7 2 4 2 2 5 1 2 4 - Note that because the error rates for all of the channels are within the range of the maximum and minimum error rates, the dither values for these channels will be maintained.
- This process is repeated during the write process. When the removable data storage medium is a tape cartridge with a magnetic tape, this process can be repeated for the entire length of the magnetic tape as data is written on tracks on the magnetic tape. In one exemplary embodiment, the last adapted dither value for a channel can be stored and used again as the initial dither value for the channel when the channel is used again.
- Although exemplary embodiments have been described, various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and/or scope of the present invention. Therefore, the present invention should not be construed as being limited to the specific forms shown in the drawings and described above.
Claims (30)
Priority Applications (3)
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US10/383,856 US7372651B2 (en) | 2003-03-07 | 2003-03-07 | Introducing a noise signal into a read-back signal when data is written to a removable data storage medium |
JP2004059447A JP2004273104A (en) | 2003-03-07 | 2004-03-03 | System and method for introducing noise signal into read back signal when writing data in removable data storage medium, tape drive, and computer-readable storage medium |
EP04251290A EP1457986A1 (en) | 2003-03-07 | 2004-03-05 | Introducing a noise signal into a read-back signal when data is written to a removable data storage medium |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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US10/383,856 US7372651B2 (en) | 2003-03-07 | 2003-03-07 | Introducing a noise signal into a read-back signal when data is written to a removable data storage medium |
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JP2006134064A (en) * | 2004-11-05 | 2006-05-25 | Hitachi Ltd | Storage control apparatus and method for detecting writing error in storage medium |
US7990648B1 (en) | 2009-12-09 | 2011-08-02 | Western Digital Technologies, Inc. | Disk drive margining read channel using predictable disturbance samples generated as a function of a written pattern |
US8589773B1 (en) | 2009-12-18 | 2013-11-19 | Western Digital Technologies, Inc. | Disk drive margining read channel by biasing log-likelihood ratios of an iterative decoder |
US8339919B1 (en) | 2011-12-14 | 2012-12-25 | Western Digital Technologies, Inc. | Disk drive margining read channel by biasing log-likelihood ratios of a nonbinary iterative decoder |
US9286933B2 (en) | 2012-11-27 | 2016-03-15 | Avago Technologies General Ip (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. | Systems and methods for controlled data processor operational marginalization |
US8854762B2 (en) | 2012-12-10 | 2014-10-07 | Lsi Corporation | Systems and methods for X-sample based data processor marginalization |
US8854763B2 (en) | 2012-12-20 | 2014-10-07 | Lsi Corporation | Systems and methods for managed operational marginalization |
US9053747B1 (en) | 2013-01-29 | 2015-06-09 | Western Digitial Technologies, Inc. | Disk drive calibrating failure threshold based on noise power effect on failure detection metric |
US8792196B1 (en) | 2013-03-07 | 2014-07-29 | Western Digital Technologies, Inc. | Disk drive estimating noise in a read signal based on an identified response at the input of an equalizer |
US8873187B1 (en) | 2013-05-10 | 2014-10-28 | Lsi Corporation | Systems and methods for data processor marginalization based upon bit error rate |
US9058115B1 (en) | 2013-12-09 | 2015-06-16 | Lsi Corporation | Systems and methods for multi-dimensional data processor operational marginalization |
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US7372651B2 (en) | 2008-05-13 |
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