US3587107A - Time limited impulse response antenna - Google Patents

Time limited impulse response antenna Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US3587107A
US3587107A US832337A US3587107DA US3587107A US 3587107 A US3587107 A US 3587107A US 832337 A US832337 A US 832337A US 3587107D A US3587107D A US 3587107DA US 3587107 A US3587107 A US 3587107A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
antenna
ground plane
resistive
resistive member
transmission line
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US832337A
Inventor
Gerald F Ross
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Sperry Corp
Original Assignee
Sperry Rand Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Sperry Rand Corp filed Critical Sperry Rand Corp
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3587107A publication Critical patent/US3587107A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/005—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements for radiating non-sinusoidal waves
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
    • H01Q1/38—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith formed by a conductive layer on an insulating support

Definitions

  • An antenna for producing an output pulse of desired duration in response to an impulsive wave front includes a resistive plate mounted above a ground plane.
  • a coaxial transmission line projects through the ground plane so that its center conductor contacts the resistive plate and its outer conductor terminates flush with the ground plane.
  • the resistive plate consists of a submicron film of resistive material deposited on a dielectric backing and is spaced from the ground plane at a distance approximating the distance travelled by an electromagnetic wave in a time equal to the desired pulse duration.
  • This invention relates to microwave antennas and more specifically to antennas capable of responding to electrical impulses.
  • log-periodic antennas having a structure that causes the electrical properties to repeat periodically with the logarithm of the frequency are operable over a wide range of frequencies.
  • these antennas respond to signals over a wide range of frequencies, they involve the use of narrow band signals.
  • the structures are difficult to fabricate and they tend to produce dispersion when short bursts of energy having a wide spectral content are involved because they inherently produce phase distortion.
  • a monopole receiving antenna for producing a pulse of desired duration has a length such that a voltage induced at its tip travels to its base in a time equal to the duration of the desired pulse.
  • the monopole extends between an apertured ground plane and a thin resistive top hat" having a surface resistivity substantially equal to the impedance of free space and a radius at least equal to the length of the monopole so as to provide an essentially reflectionless termination for the monopole and a minimum of distortion to the received electromagnetic wave.
  • FIG. I is a drawing illustrating waveshapes of the type encountered with the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating the construction of the presently preferred form of the invention.
  • a train of baseband electromagnetic impulselike stimulus pulses includes individual positivegoing pulses occurring at a specified period. These impul selike pulses, have extremely short, but finite durations as indicated. Typically, they have a duration of 200 picoseconds measured at the base line.
  • the response pulses produced by the receiving antenna have a duration somewhat longer than the original stimulus.
  • the response pulse is followed by a slight oscillatory portion II.
  • the response of the present antenna is essentially timelimited, however, in that the response wave becomes zero substantially before the following stimulus pulse occurs. In this way, relatively distortionless individual response pulses can be detected at the antenna output.
  • Prior art antennas when subjected to the same kind of stimulus train produce significant ringing. Although the antenna may be excited over waveforms, the buildup time or decay time of the envelope in such waveforms cannot exceed the duration of the timelimited impulse response.
  • Typical response curves associated with the prior art antennas display a positive-going response pulse similar to that displayed by the present invention. However, these positivegoing pulses are followed by a negative-going pulse of almost equal amplitude and a train of several oscillations having a typical exponential envelope decay.
  • the response of these prior art antennas contains distortion components sufficiently long so as to mask succeeding stimulus signals.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the construction of an antenna constructed according to the present invention.
  • a coaxial transmission line 13 has its outer conductor electrically bonded to a conducting plate 15 whose upper surface 117 forms a ground plane.
  • the outer conductor of the coaxial transmission line is inserted in an aperture R8 in the conducting plate and terminates flush with the ground plane 17.
  • a resistive plate 19 in the nature of a "top hat” is positioned above and parallel to the ground plane 17.
  • This resistive plate is typically a disc formed from a thin resistive member coated on a substrate 21 formed from glass or other suitable insulating material.
  • the center conductor of the coaxial line 13 forms a monopole antenna element 23 which extends up to the resistive plate 19.
  • the monopole element is bonded to this resistive plate at a point 25.
  • the resistive plate 19 is ordinarily constructed in the form of a flat disc having a radius approximately equal to the length of the monopole element 23.
  • the resistive plate 19 may be formed from any convenient material. It has a surface resistivity of approximately 377 ohms per square so as to match the impedance of free space.
  • the transmission line 13 may be conveniently formed from RG-9 coaxial cable.
  • the height of the monopole antenna element 23 is typically in the order of 6 inches. The main consideration in selecting the height of this element is that it must be relatively long with respect to the diameter of the aperture in the ground plane 17. The element, however, should be short with respect to the buildup time of incident nonbaseband pulses.
  • the radius of the resistive plate must be chosen so that it is very large with respect to the diameter of the monopole element 23 but comparable to the height of the monopole element.
  • the resistive plate 19 has a radius at least I00 times the diameter of the monopole element.
  • the resistive plate 19 is formed from a submicron thick film of chromium deposited on a glass substrate.
  • the operation of the antenna can be understood by assuming that a plane polarized wave, oriented so that its electric vectors are parallel to the monopole element, impinges on the antenna from the left of the drawing.
  • voltages are established between the ground plane and the resistive plate. These voltages may be represented by vectors that initially enter the region with a vertical orientation.
  • each infinitesimal length dy
  • the current induced in each infinitesimal length flows downward towards the coaxial transmission line.
  • Current is also induced in this monopole element such that it flows upward toward the resistive plate 19.
  • the downward flowing current passes to the transmission line where it can be essentially absorbed by the choice of a proper impedance coaxial line 13, and detected byexterior utilization apparatus.
  • the upward-flowing current is essentially absorbed in the resistive plate.
  • the various signals contain frequency components extending over a wide band of frequencies. Because of skin effect, each of these components would penetrate a conductor to a different depth. By making the resistiveplate extremely thin, however, each of the frequency components is absorbed to a comparable degree so that this resistive plate becomes essentially frequency insensitive.
  • the output signal passing to the exterior utilization apparatus will persist from the time that current is first induced near the base of the monopole element until the current which was first induced near the tip of the monopole element flows downward through this element.
  • the duration of the output pulse will be dependent upon the height of the monopole element and approximately equal to the height of this element in terms of the velocity of electromagnetic radiation.
  • the height of the monopole element 23 should be at least about 4 inches.
  • the resistive plate 19 and the substrate may be supported in any convenient manner.
  • Polyfoam struts for instance, have been used successfully for this purpose.
  • the antenna has been described as operating in the receive mode, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the antenna may be operated in the transmit mode as well. [n transmission, the antenna radiates the derivative of the electrical signal or essentially two impulses of opposite polarity separated by the desired duration.
  • An antenna for providing a pulse having a desired time duration comprising a flat ground plane having an aperture therein, a flat resistive member disposed parallel to said ground plane and supported at a predetermined distance from said ground plane, a coaxial transmission line extending into said aperture, an outer conductor on said transmission line terminating in said ground plane and electrically connected to said ground plane, an inner conductor extending through the region between said ground plane and said resistive member, said inner conductor being electrically connected to said resistive member, said resistive member having a surface resistivity substantially equal to the impedance of free space, said predetermined distance being substantially equal to the distance travelled by an electromagnetic wave in a time equal to the desired pulse duration.
  • said resistive member includes a thin resistive film formed on an insulating substrate.
  • said resistive film is a submicron thick film of chromium deposited on a glass substrate.

Abstract

An antenna for producing an output pulse of desired duration in response to an impulsive wave front includes a resistive plate mounted above a ground plane. A coaxial transmission line projects through the ground plane so that its center conductor contacts the resistive plate and its outer conductor terminates flush with the ground plane. The resistive plate consists of a submicron film of resistive material deposited on a dielectric backing and is spaced from the ground plane at a distance approximating the distance travelled by an electromagnetic wave in a time equal to the desired pulse duration.

Description

United Statesv Patent Gerald F. Ross Lexington, Mm. 832,337
June II, I969 June 22, 1971 Sperry Rand Corporation Inventor Appl. No. Filed Patented Assignee TIME LIMITED IMPULSE RESPONSE ANTENNA 8 Claims, 2 Drawing Figs.
US. Cl 343/739, 343/830, 343/899 lnt.Cl H0lq 9/36 Field ofSear clL. 343/739, 752, 825, 828, 829, 830, 846, 908
lIlIIlIIlll/IllllllIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJill/III!!!IIIIIIIIIIIIII [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,293,646 12/1966 Brueckman 343/830 Primary Examiner- Eli Lieberman Attorney-S. C. Yeaton ABSTRACT: An antenna for producing an output pulse of desired duration in response to an impulsive wave front includes a resistive plate mounted above a ground plane. A coaxial transmission line projects through the ground plane so that its center conductor contacts the resistive plate and its outer conductor terminates flush with the ground plane. The resistive plate consists of a submicron film of resistive material deposited on a dielectric backing and is spaced from the ground plane at a distance approximating the distance travelled by an electromagnetic wave in a time equal to the desired pulse duration.
TO EXTERIOR UTILIZATION APPARATUS PATENIEDJUNZZIBYI 3.581107 '4-PERIOD STIMULUS A FIG.1.
A TO EXTERIOR UTILIZATION APPARATUS F I G 2 I/I/l/E/VTOR GERALD F R05 A TTOR/VE) TIME LIMITED IMPULSE RESPONSE ANTENNA BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION l. Field of the Invention This invention relates to microwave antennas and more specifically to antennas capable of responding to electrical impulses.
2. Description of the Prior Art Wideband communication systems now being developed require antenna elements that effectively respond to individual pulses of electromagnetic energy having a spectral content ranging from the VHF band through the X band.
Various types of antennas have been suggested for such systems. For instance, arbitrarily scaled antennas whose form can be specified entirely by angles have been developed for use over a wide frequency band. Conical and equiangular antennas are examples of this type of frequency independent" antenna.
Similarly, log-periodic antennas having a structure that causes the electrical properties to repeat periodically with the logarithm of the frequency are operable over a wide range of frequencies.
Although these antennas respond to signals over a wide range of frequencies, they involve the use of narrow band signals. The structures are difficult to fabricate and they tend to produce dispersion when short bursts of energy having a wide spectral content are involved because they inherently produce phase distortion.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A monopole receiving antenna for producing a pulse of desired duration has a length such that a voltage induced at its tip travels to its base in a time equal to the duration of the desired pulse. The monopole extends between an apertured ground plane and a thin resistive top hat" having a surface resistivity substantially equal to the impedance of free space and a radius at least equal to the length of the monopole so as to provide an essentially reflectionless termination for the monopole and a minimum of distortion to the received electromagnetic wave.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. I is a drawing illustrating waveshapes of the type encountered with the present invention; and
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating the construction of the presently preferred form of the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring now to FIG. 1, a train of baseband electromagnetic impulselike stimulus pulses includes individual positivegoing pulses occurring at a specified period. These impul selike pulses, have extremely short, but finite durations as indicated. Typically, they have a duration of 200 picoseconds measured at the base line.
The response pulses produced by the receiving antenna have a duration somewhat longer than the original stimulus. The response pulse is followed by a slight oscillatory portion II. The response of the present antenna is essentially timelimited, however, in that the response wave becomes zero substantially before the following stimulus pulse occurs. In this way, relatively distortionless individual response pulses can be detected at the antenna output. Prior art antennas, when subjected to the same kind of stimulus train produce significant ringing. Although the antenna may be excited over waveforms, the buildup time or decay time of the envelope in such waveforms cannot exceed the duration of the timelimited impulse response.
Typical response curves associated with the prior art antennas display a positive-going response pulse similar to that displayed by the present invention. However, these positivegoing pulses are followed by a negative-going pulse of almost equal amplitude and a train of several oscillations having a typical exponential envelope decay.
Thus, the response of these prior art antennas contains distortion components sufficiently long so as to mask succeeding stimulus signals.
FIG. 2 illustrates the construction of an antenna constructed according to the present invention. A coaxial transmission line 13 has its outer conductor electrically bonded to a conducting plate 15 whose upper surface 117 forms a ground plane. The outer conductor of the coaxial transmission line is inserted in an aperture R8 in the conducting plate and terminates flush with the ground plane 17. A resistive plate 19 in the nature of a "top hat" is positioned above and parallel to the ground plane 17. This resistive plate is typically a disc formed from a thin resistive member coated on a substrate 21 formed from glass or other suitable insulating material.
The center conductor of the coaxial line 13 forms a monopole antenna element 23 which extends up to the resistive plate 19. The monopole element is bonded to this resistive plate at a point 25. The resistive plate 19 is ordinarily constructed in the form of a flat disc having a radius approximately equal to the length of the monopole element 23.
The resistive plate 19 may be formed from any convenient material. It has a surface resistivity of approximately 377 ohms per square so as to match the impedance of free space.
In a typical antenna, the transmission line 13 may be conveniently formed from RG-9 coaxial cable. The height of the monopole antenna element 23 is typically in the order of 6 inches. The main consideration in selecting the height of this element is that it must be relatively long with respect to the diameter of the aperture in the ground plane 17. The element, however, should be short with respect to the buildup time of incident nonbaseband pulses.
Similarly, the radius of the resistive plate must be chosen so that it is very large with respect to the diameter of the monopole element 23 but comparable to the height of the monopole element. Typically, the resistive plate 19 has a radius at least I00 times the diameter of the monopole element.
As presently preferred, the resistive plate 19 is formed from a submicron thick film of chromium deposited on a glass substrate.
The operation of the antenna can be understood by assuming that a plane polarized wave, oriented so that its electric vectors are parallel to the monopole element, impinges on the antenna from the left of the drawing.
As the wave reaches the antenna, voltages are established between the ground plane and the resistive plate. These voltages may be represented by vectors that initially enter the region with a vertical orientation.
When the wave first reaches the monopole element, it induces an impulsive current in each infinitesimal length, dy, of a current in this element. The current induced in each infinitesimal length flows downward towards the coaxial transmission line. Current is also induced in this monopole element such that it flows upward toward the resistive plate 19. The downward flowing current passes to the transmission line where it can be essentially absorbed by the choice of a proper impedance coaxial line 13, and detected byexterior utilization apparatus. The upward-flowing current is essentially absorbed in the resistive plate.
Because the upward-flowing current is absorbed by the resistive plate, it cannot be reflected downward into the transmission line. Therefore, the ringing that would ordinarily occur because of this reflected component is eliminated.
Because of the nonsinusoidal waveshapes employed, the various signals contain frequency components extending over a wide band of frequencies. Because of skin effect, each of these components would penetrate a conductor to a different depth. By making the resistiveplate extremely thin, however, each of the frequency components is absorbed to a comparable degree so that this resistive plate becomes essentially frequency insensitive.
The output signal passing to the exterior utilization apparatus will persist from the time that current is first induced near the base of the monopole element until the current which was first induced near the tip of the monopole element flows downward through this element. Thus, in the case of the vertically polarized wave indicated, the duration of the output pulse will be dependent upon the height of the monopole element and approximately equal to the height of this element in terms of the velocity of electromagnetic radiation.
Experiments have shown that the height of the monopole element 23 should be at least about 4 inches.
Measurements have indicated that the maximum deflection of the negative-going portion ll of the response curve is typically less than about percent of the maximum deflection of the desired pulse 10. Similar measurements on prior art antennas have indicated the comparable secondary pulse to be as much as 95 percent of the desired pulse amplitude.
In practice, the resistive plate 19 and the substrate may be supported in any convenient manner. Polyfoam struts, for instance, have been used successfully for this purpose.
Although the antenna has been described as operating in the receive mode, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the antenna may be operated in the transmit mode as well. [n transmission, the antenna radiates the derivative of the electrical signal or essentially two impulses of opposite polarity separated by the desired duration.
While the invention has been described in its preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the words which have been used are words of description rather than limitation and that changes may be made without departing from the true scope and spirit of the invention in its broader aspects.
I claim:
1. An antenna for providing a pulse having a desired time duration comprising a flat ground plane having an aperture therein, a flat resistive member disposed parallel to said ground plane and supported at a predetermined distance from said ground plane, a coaxial transmission line extending into said aperture, an outer conductor on said transmission line terminating in said ground plane and electrically connected to said ground plane, an inner conductor extending through the region between said ground plane and said resistive member, said inner conductor being electrically connected to said resistive member, said resistive member having a surface resistivity substantially equal to the impedance of free space, said predetermined distance being substantially equal to the distance travelled by an electromagnetic wave in a time equal to the desired pulse duration.
2. The antenna of claim 1 wherein said predetermined distance is large with respect to the transverse dimension of said aperture.
3. The antenna of claim 2 wherein the flat resistive member is a disc having a radius at least times as great as the diameter of said inner conductor.
4. The antenna of claim 3 wherein said predetermined distance is comparable to the radius of said resistive member.
5. The antenna of claim 4 wherein said resistive member includes a thin resistive film formed on an insulating substrate.
6. The antenna of claim 5 wherein said resistive film is a submicron thick film of chromium deposited on a glass substrate.
7. The antenna of claim 6 wherein the inner conductor is normal to said ground plane.
8. The antenna of claim 7 wherein said coaxial transmission line is formed from RG-9 coaxial cable and said predetermined height is approximately 6 inches.

Claims (8)

1. An antenna for providing a pulse having a desired time duration comprising a flat ground plane having an aperture therein, a flat resistive member disposed parallel to said ground plane and supported at a predetermined distance from said ground plane, a coaxial transmission line extending into said aperture, an outer conductor on said transmission line terminating in said ground plane and electrically connected to said ground plane, an inner conductor extending through the region between said ground plane and said resistive member, said inner conductor being electrically connected to said resistive member, said resistive member having a surface resistivity substantially equal to the impedance of free space, said predetermined distance being substantially equal to the distance travelled by an electromagnetic wave in a time equal to the desired pulse duration.
2. The antenna of claim 1 wherein said predetermined distance is large with respect to the transverse dimension of said aperture.
3. The antenna of claim 2 wherein the flat resistive member is a disc having a radius at least 100 times as great as the diameter of said inner conductor.
4. The antenna of claim 3 wherein said predetermined distance is comparable to the radius of said resistive member.
5. The antenna of claim 4 wherein said resistive member includes a thin resistive film formed on an insulating substrate.
6. The antenna oF claim 5 wherein said resistive film is a submicron thick film of chromium deposited on a glass substrate.
7. The antenna of claim 6 wherein the inner conductor is normal to said ground plane.
8. The antenna of claim 7 wherein said coaxial transmission line is formed from RG-9 coaxial cable and said predetermined height is approximately 6 inches.
US832337A 1969-06-11 1969-06-11 Time limited impulse response antenna Expired - Lifetime US3587107A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US83233769A 1969-06-11 1969-06-11

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3587107A true US3587107A (en) 1971-06-22

Family

ID=25261363

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US832337A Expired - Lifetime US3587107A (en) 1969-06-11 1969-06-11 Time limited impulse response antenna

Country Status (1)

Country Link
US (1) US3587107A (en)

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3728632A (en) * 1971-03-12 1973-04-17 Sperry Rand Corp Transmission and reception system for generating and receiving base-band pulse duration pulse signals without distortion for short base-band communication system
FR2498819A1 (en) * 1981-01-23 1982-07-30 Thomson Csf SMALL-SIZED ANTENNA
FR2533765A1 (en) * 1982-09-27 1984-03-30 Rogers Corp MICROBAND ANTENNA
EP0115270A2 (en) * 1983-01-26 1984-08-08 Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc. Frequency independent antenna
US5307081A (en) * 1990-11-27 1994-04-26 Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc. Radiator for slowly varying electromagnetic waves
EP0740362A1 (en) * 1995-04-26 1996-10-30 International Business Machines Corporation High gain broadband planar antenna
US5694136A (en) * 1996-03-13 1997-12-02 Trimble Navigation Antenna with R-card ground plane
US6351246B1 (en) 1999-05-03 2002-02-26 Xtremespectrum, Inc. Planar ultra wide band antenna with integrated electronics
US20030053554A1 (en) * 1997-12-12 2003-03-20 Xtreme Spectrum, Inc. Ultra wide bandwidth spread-spectrum communications system
US6590545B2 (en) 2000-08-07 2003-07-08 Xtreme Spectrum, Inc. Electrically small planar UWB antenna apparatus and related system
US20050165576A1 (en) * 2004-01-26 2005-07-28 Jesmonth Richard E. System and method for generating three-dimensional density-based defect map
US20070196621A1 (en) * 2006-02-02 2007-08-23 Arnold Frances Sprayable micropulp composition
US20070242735A1 (en) * 2006-01-31 2007-10-18 Regents Of The University Of Minnesota Ultra wideband receiver
US20080136644A1 (en) * 1998-12-11 2008-06-12 Freescale Semiconductor Inc. Method and system for performing distance measuring and direction finding using ultrawide bandwitdh transmissions

Cited By (31)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3728632A (en) * 1971-03-12 1973-04-17 Sperry Rand Corp Transmission and reception system for generating and receiving base-band pulse duration pulse signals without distortion for short base-band communication system
FR2498819A1 (en) * 1981-01-23 1982-07-30 Thomson Csf SMALL-SIZED ANTENNA
EP0056923A2 (en) * 1981-01-23 1982-08-04 Thomson-Csf Antenna having small dimensions
EP0056923A3 (en) * 1981-01-23 1982-08-11 Thomson-Csf Antenna having small dimensions
US4491843A (en) * 1981-01-23 1985-01-01 Thomson-Csf Portable receiver with housing serving as a dipole antenna
FR2533765A1 (en) * 1982-09-27 1984-03-30 Rogers Corp MICROBAND ANTENNA
EP0115270A2 (en) * 1983-01-26 1984-08-08 Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc. Frequency independent antenna
EP0115270A3 (en) * 1983-01-26 1987-11-11 Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc. Frequency independent antenna
US5307081A (en) * 1990-11-27 1994-04-26 Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc. Radiator for slowly varying electromagnetic waves
EP0740362A1 (en) * 1995-04-26 1996-10-30 International Business Machines Corporation High gain broadband planar antenna
US5777583A (en) * 1995-04-26 1998-07-07 International Business Machines Corporation High gain broadband planar antenna
US5694136A (en) * 1996-03-13 1997-12-02 Trimble Navigation Antenna with R-card ground plane
US20030053555A1 (en) * 1997-12-12 2003-03-20 Xtreme Spectrum, Inc. Ultra wide bandwidth spread-spectrum communications system
US7408973B2 (en) 1997-12-12 2008-08-05 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Ultra wide bandwidth spread-spectrum communications system
US6700939B1 (en) 1997-12-12 2004-03-02 Xtremespectrum, Inc. Ultra wide bandwidth spread-spectrum communications system
US6901112B2 (en) 1997-12-12 2005-05-31 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Ultra wide bandwidth spread-spectrum communications system
US6931078B2 (en) 1997-12-12 2005-08-16 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Ultra wide bandwidth spread-spectrum communications systems
US20050259720A1 (en) * 1997-12-12 2005-11-24 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Ultra wide bandwidth spread-spectrum communications system
US20030053554A1 (en) * 1997-12-12 2003-03-20 Xtreme Spectrum, Inc. Ultra wide bandwidth spread-spectrum communications system
US8451936B2 (en) 1998-12-11 2013-05-28 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Method and system for performing distance measuring and direction finding using ultrawide bandwidth transmissions
US7616676B2 (en) 1998-12-11 2009-11-10 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Method and system for performing distance measuring and direction finding using ultrawide bandwidth transmissions
US20080136644A1 (en) * 1998-12-11 2008-06-12 Freescale Semiconductor Inc. Method and system for performing distance measuring and direction finding using ultrawide bandwitdh transmissions
US6351246B1 (en) 1999-05-03 2002-02-26 Xtremespectrum, Inc. Planar ultra wide band antenna with integrated electronics
US6590545B2 (en) 2000-08-07 2003-07-08 Xtreme Spectrum, Inc. Electrically small planar UWB antenna apparatus and related system
US20080270043A1 (en) * 2004-01-26 2008-10-30 Jesmonth Richard E System and Method for Generating Three-Dimensional Density-Based Defect Map
US7506547B2 (en) 2004-01-26 2009-03-24 Jesmonth Richard E System and method for generating three-dimensional density-based defect map
US7856882B2 (en) 2004-01-26 2010-12-28 Jesmonth Richard E System and method for generating three-dimensional density-based defect map
US20050165576A1 (en) * 2004-01-26 2005-07-28 Jesmonth Richard E. System and method for generating three-dimensional density-based defect map
US20070242735A1 (en) * 2006-01-31 2007-10-18 Regents Of The University Of Minnesota Ultra wideband receiver
US8098707B2 (en) 2006-01-31 2012-01-17 Regents Of The University Of Minnesota Ultra wideband receiver
US20070196621A1 (en) * 2006-02-02 2007-08-23 Arnold Frances Sprayable micropulp composition

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US3587107A (en) Time limited impulse response antenna
US2175252A (en) Short wave antenna
US3662316A (en) Short base-band pulse receiver
US3728632A (en) Transmission and reception system for generating and receiving base-band pulse duration pulse signals without distortion for short base-band communication system
US2433804A (en) Frequency-modulated pulse radio locating system
US2433924A (en) Antenna
US2283914A (en) Antenna
US3694754A (en) Suppression of electrostatic noise in antenna systems
US2283897A (en) Antenna system
US2454766A (en) Broad band antenna
US2359620A (en) Short wave antenna
EP0015018A1 (en) A lens antenna arrangement
US3750025A (en) Energy amplifying selector gate for base-band signals
US2611869A (en) Aerial system
US2190816A (en) Antenna
US2455673A (en) Distance selective system
US2535317A (en) High-speed oscilloscope
US3594810A (en) Triangle-loop antenna
US2538035A (en) Absorbing screen for directive radiation
US2503952A (en) Traveling wave antenna
US3174070A (en) Electron beam deflection structure with compensation for beam transit time
US2894124A (en) Broad band omni-polarized multiple antenna system with each antenna having individual detector and low frequency coupling network
US2221939A (en) Radio signaling system
US2961659A (en) Signal processing arrangement having septum divided horn
US2432097A (en) Ultra high frequency detector