US6738738B2 - Automated transformation from American English to British English - Google Patents
Automated transformation from American English to British English Download PDFInfo
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- US6738738B2 US6738738B2 US09/745,371 US74537100A US6738738B2 US 6738738 B2 US6738738 B2 US 6738738B2 US 74537100 A US74537100 A US 74537100A US 6738738 B2 US6738738 B2 US 6738738B2
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- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS OR SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
- G10L15/00—Speech recognition
- G10L15/08—Speech classification or search
- G10L15/18—Speech classification or search using natural language modelling
- G10L15/183—Speech classification or search using natural language modelling using context dependencies, e.g. language models
- G10L15/187—Phonemic context, e.g. pronunciation rules, phonotactical constraints or phoneme n-grams
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F40/00—Handling natural language data
- G06F40/20—Natural language analysis
- G06F40/232—Orthographic correction, e.g. spell checking or vowelisation
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- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS OR SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
- G10L15/00—Speech recognition
- G10L15/08—Speech classification or search
- G10L15/18—Speech classification or search using natural language modelling
- G10L15/1815—Semantic context, e.g. disambiguation of the recognition hypotheses based on word meaning
Definitions
- This invention relates to the field of phonetics.
- the invention relates to technologies for transforming pronunciations appropriate for American English into pronunciations appropriate for British English.
- IPA International Phonetic Alphabet
- ASCII ASCII
- Unicode can represent IPA symbols directly and frequently include newer fonts with appropriate glyphs for IPA symbols.
- CPA Computer Phonetic Alphabet
- the CPA has the advantage that it can be represented using standard ASCII characters using the glyphs in commonly available fonts.
- the following tables show the correspondence between CPA and IPA symbols for American English and British English.
- CPA symbols will be used to represent phonemes in transcriptions.
- transcriptions written in CPA symbols will be identified as corresponding to British English (UK) or American English (US) if it is not clear from the context and it is relevant to understanding the material.
- UK British English
- US American English
- US English conventions for spelling and style will be used throughout the body of this specification, except in examples and rules.
- the UK CPA forms are used for Australian and New Zealand pronunciations.
- the range of possible sounds that a human being can produce by moving the lips, tongue, and other speech organs, are called phones. These sounds are generally grouped into logically related groups, each a phoneme. In a given language only certain sounds are distinguished (or distinguishable) by speakers of the language, i.e. they conceptualize them as different sounds. These distinguishable sounds are phonemes. In fact, a phoneme may be defined as a group of related phones that are regarded as the same sound by speakers. The different sounds that are part of the same phoneme are called allophones (or allophonic variants).
- the phonemic transcription of a word will be shown between slashes (“/ /”).
- the glyph “ ⁇ ” will be placed between each phoneme in the transcription, e.g./k ⁇ O ⁇ r ⁇ n ⁇ *r/ for “corner” (US), to represent the space character visibly.
- US corner
- a space character is used to represent the boundary between phonemes; however, in a printed publication using the standard glyph for the space character, “ ”, might lead to ambiguities, e.g. between /*r/ and /* ⁇ r/ (US), etc.
- phonetic transcriptions will be shown in brackets (“[ ]”). Phonetic transcriptions distinguish between the different phones that are allophones of the phoneme.
- Speech recognizers both speaker independent and speaker dependent varieties
- a pronunciation e.g. phonemic transcription
- Nuance provides a large phonemic dictionary that includes pronunciations for many American English words. The content of the dictionary typically excludes proper nouns and made up words, e.g. “Kodak”; however, there may be extensions for particular purposes, e.g. for US equity issues (stocks).
- Nuance provides an automated tool, “autopron”, that attempts to generate (simply from the spelling of the word) a usable pronunciation.
- Other companies e.g. E-Speech, specialize in providing software that they claim can do a better job at generating such pronunciations.
- a good pronunciation is also important to producing good synthesized speech (or in the case where a human is reading a script, providing the human with extra guidance about the correct pronunciation).
- a useful phonemic transcription is important to many aspects of computer speech technology.
- the CPA does not support the representation of stress within a word. This limits its usefulness (as compared to IPA representations) in designating differences in pronunciation. For example “advertisement” is pronounced in US English with the stress on the penultimate syllable of the word, whereas UK English places the stress on the second syllable of the word. Shifting the stress changes the pronunciation.
- scripts and grammars associated with the voice application program are converted from US-to-UK English.
- Three primary tasks can be completed in this process: spelling normalization, lexical normalization, and pronunciation conversion (including where appropriate accounting for stress shifts).
- the converted script can be generated using the method and apparatus described herein and a preferred pronunciation from such effort inserted into the script in appropriate locations to assist the voice talent. For example, in one embodiment words with stress differences from the US English forms have their pronunciations listed in the script.
- the method and apparatus can be integrated into a remotely hosted development environment. This can allow developers who would otherwise be unlikely to have the resources and skill to convert their program independently to do so in a highly automated fashion. Additionally, any manual intervention can be focused on answering specific questions: what part of speech is this, etc. Further such questions are much more easily answered by a non-professional (in linguistics/phonetics) than the broader conversion questions.
- FIG. 1 is a process flow diagram for generating phonemic variations.
- FIG. 1 The process of transforming a script and grammar from US-to-UK will now be described in greater detail with respect to FIG. 1 .
- the process of FIG. 1 can be implemented using one or more computer systems with, or without, a direct human operator.
- the process starts with a US script 100 and corresponding US grammars 102 .
- the script portion corresponds to those pieces of text to be read by human voice talents or computer synthesized speech.
- the grammars correspond to those pieces of text that the computer expects the user of a voice application to say at various junctures. An example for a simple “hello world” application may be helpful.
- the US script 100 might contain a single line script: “Hello World, say Menu to return to the main menu” and the grammar file US grammars 102 would consist of a single choice “menu” in the appropriate grammar file format.
- the grammars e.g.
- US grammars 102 and UK grammars 162 are formatted according to the Nuance GSL language for grammars, in another embodiment, an XML grammar representation format is used.
- the words in scripts and grammars can be represented using one or more standard character sets (e.g. ASCII, Unicode, etc.) in one or more text encodings (e.g. ISO-8859, UTF-8, UTF-16, etc.).
- the process begins at step 120 with the normalization of spellings.
- a number of straightforward rules can be applied to bring the US spelling close to the common UK spelling.
- ad hoc rules can be provided as well (e.g. a list of exceptions with the correct form, e.g. “yogurt” (US) to “yoghurt” (UK).)
- lexical differences between the vocabularies can be adjusted at step 130 .
- words like “attorney” which are common in US English lack significant semantic meaning in UK English where the term “solicitor” is common.
- a set of sample rules covering a large range of common uses is presented along with a general approach for preparing (and handling) such lists. Additional lists can easily be prepared for specialized areas including: financial terms, units of measure, musical notation, automotive parts, betting terms, botanical and zoological names, food names, slang, and cricket terms.
- stylistic differences e.g. in the presentation of time, system of measurement, etc., will not addressed by lexical transformations.
- a set of measurements delivered in imperial units (as opposed to metric units) will not be flagged, however the use of terms like “quart” which is not used in the British imperial system will be flagged.
- step 140 phonemic conversions to UK English are performed. This may (as shown in FIG. 1) result in the generation of the UK Pronunciation data 112 . However, if a good source of UK pronunciation data is available the process may instead rely on such data.
- the process of step 140 relies on US pronunciation data 110 for the words in the US script 100 and the US grammars 102 . This process will be discussed in more detail in conjunction with several rules for determining pronunciations for UK English from US English.
- step 150 involves goldenizing the pronunciations (and scripts/grammars), that is selecting an approved transcription for use in the system.
- This process may be automated, manual, and/or a combination of the two.
- transcriptions might automatically become available within the pronunciation data 112 prior to goldenization (e.g. after step 140 ); however, they could be flagged as such to avoid their use in secondary purposes, e.g. in the recording of a script.
- goldenization may include selecting the golden, i.e. preferred, pronunciation for a word.
- the goldenized pronunciation is the one that should be used by automatic Text-to-Speech (TTS) processes and by human voice talents in reading scripts that contain words in the scripts (or other words for which pronunciations have been generated). Additional, variant, pronunciations remain useful for speech recognition purposes if they represent the common variant pronunciations for a word.
- TTS Text-to-Speech
- the UK script 160 and UK grammars 162 outputs will also typically reviewed.
- the step 130 may have flagged certain portions of the script or grammar for manual review (e.g. no easily determined semantic equivalent).
- step 120 - 150 significantly reduce the costs and likelihood of error in preparing a program for use in UK locales, some human oversight will always remain prudent.
- step 120 The following describes several spelling rules useful for application in conjunction with step 120 .
- the rules may indicate a part of speech, in those instances the script/grammar may be flagged for manual treatment later.
- exceptions of this type are manually reviewed by a human operator either as they arise or in batch.
- step 130 allows step 130 to receive versions of the script with normalized orthography according to British English.
- all errors from steps 120 and step 130 are handled prior to step 140 .
- the errors are only handled after step 140 , but the process of FIG. 1 can be repeated in such a fashion as to allow the appropriate handling of just the necessary portions of the US script/grammars.
- Rules 4 and 5 indicate the UK preference for, and retention of, the original Greek spelling, with or without the use of digraphs. These rules will impact especially the alphabetical ordering of entries that have initial ⁇ - or initial ⁇ - in UK English. This rule may be difficult to apply in automated fashion, in some embodiments, word etymologies are consulted for the source words in the US script/grammar to determine whether these rules should be applied. In other embodiments, they are flagged for manual review.
- rule 5 demonstrates that sometimes more than one rule may apply, e.g. “maneuver” (US) becomes “manoeuvre” (UK) since both rule 3 and rule 5 apply.
- Rule 7 shows a continued preference for the -ise spelling in UK English dictionaries, but -ize is appearing progressively more frequently as a variant in UK publications and press.
- Contemporary dictionary entries now list -ize as an alternative. In uncertain cases, it might be useful to employ the Canadian system, which has -ize when the root is transparent (e.g. “capitalize” and “glamorize”), and -ise when the stem is opaque (e.g. “apologise” and “realise”).
- Rule 8 applies to a very few words, and the different spellings are reflected in the pronunciations.
- Rule 10 applies to the metric units: milligramme, centigramme, gramme, and kilogramme, as well as words like programme. The rule also applies to their respective derived forms. Oddly, the rule does not apply to the word “telegram” which is the same in US and UK English.
- Rule 11 serves in UK English to differentiate orthographically the noun-form from the verb-form in pairs of words which in US English have become homographic. Because rule 11 requires identification of the part of speech, verb/noun, it may be necessary to manually review the script to identify the appropriate form. In some embodiments, the script is flagged to indicate the need for manual review at that point in the script/grammar but the US English form is left in place.
- Rule 12 operates on a restricted set of words, c.f. “boulder” and “shoulder” where US English retained the UK English spelling.
- Rule 13 should be applied with care so as not to replace the agentive marker -or in names or places, e.g. “actor”, “governor”, “Bangor”.
- Rule 14 is not universal in its application. Some words like “inquire” are used in both varieties; and “envelope” and “incur” do not have variants.
- Lexical normalization accounts for the divergence in vocabularies between US and UK English. These divergences are believed to have occurred for four primary reasons:
- WASPs white Anglo-Saxon protestants
- WASPs white Anglo-Saxon protestants
- the range of tables of lexical equivalents provided can be determined based on the problem domain. For example, a stock trading phone application prepared in the US should be converted by the process of FIGURE when the lexical tables (of the sort above) for financial terms that are different between US and UK English are available to the computer program.
- the script/grammar/words can be flagged for manual review. Also, when there is additional context information necessary to make the lexical determination, e.g. for underpants (women's) ⁇ knickers, the word can be flagged for manual review.
- a general post-vocalic r-dropping rule is required to convert from US to UK English pronunciations. This rule applies to monophthongs, diphthongs and triphthongs. In many instances, the orthographic spelling of a vowel followed by the letter “r” is represented in UK English by the vowel schwa (/*/ in CPA) alone. In other cases, there is a complete change of vowel quality. In the list below any vowel is represented with V, and the symbol “#” indicates a syllable boundary (# is not used in CPA; however it is shown here to reflect the different vocalic qualities of the word). Word-medial and word-final positions are indicated with an elliptical hyphen (-). Where no hyphen appears, this means the pronunciation change occurs in all lexical positions.
- speaker style dependent may use both variations with -* preferred.
- pattern in orthography is “al”, “au”, “aw” in same syllabale) A @ abolish, aquatic, dog, hot, off, etc.
- pattern in orthography is “CoC” or “CaC”, where C is an orthographic consonant.)
- -A- -o- codicil codify, docile, process, progress, troth -aj- -i- albino, anti-, iodine, labyrinthine, migraine, semi-, strychnine, clientele, endive (N.B.
- anti- rule does not apply to antidote (US) because anti- is not a prefix.
- -aj- -I- dynasty privacy, simultaneous, -eity (N.B. distinguishing from above rule may require case by case review.
- Yod-dropping after coronals in US English is one of the most obvious differences that affects the pronunciation of a whole group of consonant phonemes: /t/, /d/, /n/, /l/, /s/, /z/, /S/, /T/, and /Z/, as more fully reflected below:
- Coupled and “erudite” which in US CPA are transcribed: /k ⁇ j ⁇ u ⁇ p ⁇ A ⁇ n/ and /E ⁇ r ⁇ j ⁇ * ⁇ d ⁇ aj ⁇ t/ respectively.
- the first might be regarded as a form of hyper-correction, whereby an unmotivated yod is introduced after a velar in a (mistaken) attempt perhaps to mimic French. Since no other spellings involving the string “-cou-” are pronounced /k ⁇ j/, this remains a spelling-to-sound singleton.
- the second may be a simple spelling (mis)pronunciation.
- the phonological rule that inserts a flap for “d”/“t” in US English may be expressed as: d, t ⁇ !/1V(C)_(C)V. UK English preserves the (underlying) /d/ and /t/ (and /n/) in these environments.
- the following rules require syllabification of the underlying words.
- the syllabification can occur manually or automatically.
- the US pronunciation data 110 includes syllabification information.
- words requiring syllabification for processing are identified for manual review during processing.
- flap rule is also being applied here
- the CPA is extended to support representations for primary (and optionally secondary) word stress.
- the extension should be compatible with the underlying goals of the CPA: capable of representation with lower ASCII characters ( 0 - 127 ), not interfere with symbols already in use in the CPA (especially in US or UK English CPA, but also in CPA representations used for other languages), and not conflict with common notations used in phonetics. Accordingly, in one embodiment the characters “1” and “2” which are easily represented in lower ASCII characters have been selected to represent primary and secondary word stress, respectively. Compare with IPA symbols [′] and [,], respectively.
- the US pronunciation data 110 includes these stress characters in the augmented CPA representation.
- the stress characters (“1” and “2”) are removed in an automated fashion before pronunciations are provided to the Nuance speech recognizer version 7 to prevent the characters from causing erroneous errors.
- the speech recognizer software is augmented to recognize the stress characters and use them appropriately in performing recognition.
- the text-to-speech software is modified to make use of the stress characters.
- the stress characters are provided for the benefit of human voice talent performing a script. The stress characters may enable the human voice talent to read unfamiliar words (or even familiar words with a different pronunciation in UK English) properly.
- human voice talent parts are prepared with the expectation that they will be read by a native speaker of the respective variety of English. Accordingly, the UK script 160 would typically only show pronunciations for words with which the native speaker would be unfamiliar (e.g. outside a reference dictionary for British English). The script can be augmented by showing the correct pronunciation inline or below the respective line. In some embodiments, the UK script 160 may be being produced by a non-native producer/director and accordingly additional pronunciations may be provided in a director's version of the UK script 160 than in the version provided to the voice talent.
- a fully pronounced version of the UK script 160 can be obtained where each line includes a full phonetic pronunciation as this may be of particular aid to a non-native director or in the case where a non-native speaker is asked to read a particular script.
- this pattern may be regarded as variable at least, and perhaps idiosyncratic. In one embodiment, it is implemented as a look up table of R-dissimilated words. In another embodiment, there is no special treatment of these words since the other rules provided above will handle them satisfactorily.
- French personal names also receive stress on the first syllable in UK English, but the second in US English: Chopin, Degas, Monet, Renoir, etc. In one embodiment, these rules are applied using one or more tables of common borrowed French words and names.
- the US pronunciation data 110 may include etymological information. In another embodiment, the etymological information is referenced from another source.
- the above rules can be described through one or more of regular expression substitutions, productions (e.g. this sequence of symbols becomes this), and/or rules (e.g. as described above in an appropriate form for computer implementation).
- the rules that do not require syllabification or determination of parts of speech can generally be implemented with straightforward regular expressions matching on a mixture of the orthography and the corresponding transcription. Rules that require syllabification (as well as determination of stress, etymology, or part of speech) may also require regular expression matching on such a representation.
- a web based interface is provided to allow users to submit scripts and grammars—either explicitly or implicitly—for conversion.
- the submission is explicit, e.g. US grammar 102 is submitted, using one or more standard web based formats (e.g. URL of US grammar 102 , HTTP file upload of US grammar 102 , direct entry of US grammar 102 into an HTML form, etc.).
- the script or grammar is derived from analysis of application program code such as grammars in an application. For example, if an application programmer provides the application program code for an application, the grammars identified in the application could be treated as the US grammars 102 .
- the conversion service is provided as a paid-for service to developers.
- developers are provided a limited quantity of free conversions (e.g. a certain number of grammars or lines of scripts).
- different prices are charged whether or not human intervention is required (e.g. fully automatic conversions are free, but those requiring human intervention are charged).
- developers are not provided access to the resulting UK phonemic transcriptions.
- grammars and scripts are batched across multiple developers, e.g. from their applications and grammars and those words that appear in at least N different locations are sent for conversion (possibly without notification to the respective developers).
- developers may only access the US/UK pronunciations for those words they have paid for transcription.
- developer X has “Kodak” transcribed she can see the pronunciation she paid for (or requested/received free). But developer Y cannot (unless she pays for transcription of the word, etc.)
- developer Y cannot (unless she pays for transcription of the word, etc.)
- a developer of a time of day application had “Greenwich” transcribed for US English they may be required to pay separately for the UK English transcription.
- processes of FIG. 1 can be implemented using hardware based approaches, software based approaches, and/or a combination of the two.
- phonemic transcription, textual normalization, spelling normalization, lexical normalization, phonemic conversion, and lexical stress shifts are carried out using one or more computer programs that are included in one or more computer usable media such as CD-ROMs, floppy disks, or other media.
- conversion programs, script handling programs, spelling conversion programs, and/or syllabification programs are included in one or more computer usable media.
- the electromagnetic waveform comprises information such as US-to-UK conversion programs, script handling programs, and/or syllabification programs.
- the electromagnetic waveform may include the programs accessed over a network.
Abstract
Description
TABLE 1 |
American English: Computer Phonetic Alphabet (CPA) to |
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Correspondence |
CPA | Example | IPA | CPA | IPA | CPA | IPA |
Vowels | Stops | Fricatives |
i | fleet | p | f | |||
I | dimple | t | T | |||
e | date | k | s | |||
E | bet | b | S | |||
a | cat | d | v | |||
aj | side | g | D |
Oj | toy | Flaps | z |
{circumflex over ( )} | cut | ! | Z |
u | blue | Nasals | h |
U | book | m | Approximants |
o | show | n | j | |||
O | caught | g˜ | r |
A | father, cot | Affricates | w |
aw | couch | tS | l | |||
*r | bird | dZ | ||||
* | alive | |||||
TABLE 2 |
British English: Computer Phonetic Alphabet (CPA) to |
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Correspondence |
CPA | Example | IPA | CPA | IPA | CPA | IPA |
Vowels | Stops | Fricatives |
i | bean | p | f | |||
I | bin | t | T | |||
e | bane | k | s | |||
E | bet | b | S | |||
a | bat | d | v | |||
A | father | g | D |
@ | cot | Flaps | z |
O | caught | ! | Z |
o | go | Nasals | h |
U | book | m | Approximants |
u | toot | n | j | |||
{circumflex over ( )} | cup | g˜ | r |
3 | bird | Affricates | w |
* | alive, rider | tS | l | |||
aj | five | dZ | ||||
Oj | boy | |||||
aw | cow | |||||
i* | beer | |||||
e* | bear | |||||
u* | poor | |||||
TABLE 3 |
Consistent Spelling Differences |
US | UK |
# | Spell. | Examples | Spell. | Examples |
1 | -ll | enthrall, fulfill, instill, fulfillment, | -l | enthral, fulfil, instil, fulfilment, |
installment, skillful | instalment, skilful | |||
2 | -el | beveled, canceled, caroled, channeled, | -ell | bevelled, cancelled, carolled, |
chiseled, counseled, crystaled, cudgeled, | channelled, chiselled, counselled, | |||
dialed, disheveled, doweling, dueled, | crystalled, cudgelled, dialled, | |||
emboweled, enameled, funneled, | dishevelled, dowelling, duelled, | |||
gamboled, graveled, groveled, imperiled, | embowelled, enamelled, funnelled, | |||
labeled, leveled, jeweled, libeled, | gambolled, gravelled, grovelled, | |||
marshaled, marveled, medaled, modeled, | imperilled, labelled, levelled, jewelled, | |||
paneled, patroled, penciled, petaled, | libelled, marshalled, marvelled, | |||
pommeled, propeled, quarreled, reveled, | medalled, modelled, panelled, patrolled, | |||
rivaled, shoveled, shriveled, signaled, | pencilled, petalled, pommelled, | |||
sniveled, stenciled, totaled, toweled, | propelled, quarrelled, revelled, rivalled, | |||
trammeled, traveled, tunneled | shovelled, shrivelled, signalled, | |||
snivelled, stencilled, totalled, towelled, | ||||
trammelled, travelled, tunnelled | ||||
3 | -er | caliber, center, centimeter, fiber, | -re | calibre, centre, centimetre, fibre, |
kilometer, liter, meter, miter, niter, | kilometre, litre, metre, mitre, nitre, | |||
ocher, reconnoiter, saber, sepulcher, | ochre, reconnoitre, sabre, sepulchre, | |||
specter, theater | spectre, theatre | |||
4 | -e- | anesthetic, archeology, cesarean, | -ae- | anaesthetic, archaeology, caesarean, |
dieresis, encyclopedia, etiology, esthete, | diaeresis, encyclopaedia, aetiology, | |||
feces, hemorrhage, medieval, peon | aesthete, faeces, haemorrhage, | |||
mediaeval, paeon | ||||
5 | -e- | ameba, diarrhea, edema, esophagus, | -oe- | amoeba, diarrhoea, oedema, |
fetus, maneuver, phenix | oesophagus, foetus, manoeuvre, | |||
phoenix | ||||
6 | -g | analog, catalog, demagog, dialog, | -gue | analogue, catalogue, demagogue, |
homolog, monolog, pedagog, travelog | dialogue, homologue, monologue, | |||
pedagogue, travelogue | ||||
7 | -ize | analyze, apologize, colorize, galvanize, | -ise | analyse, apologise, colorise, galvanise, |
localize, metalize, pulverize, recognize, | localise, metalise, pulverise, recognise, | |||
summarize, televize, tranquilize | summarise, televise, tranquillise | |||
8 | -C | amid, among, while | -Cst | amidst, amongst, whilst |
9 | -g- | fagot (bundle of sticks), wagon | -gg- | faggot, waggon |
10 | -m | gram, program | -mme | gramme, programme |
11 | -se | defense, license, offense, practise, | -ce | defence, licence, offence, practice, |
pretense (all when used as nouns) | pretence | |||
12 | -o- | mold, molt, smolder | -ou- | mould, moult, smoulder |
13 | -or | arbor, armor, behavior, candor, clamor, | -our | arbour, armour, behaviour, candour, |
color, demeanor, enamor, favor, flavor, | clamour, colour, demeanour, enamour, | |||
humor, neighbor, odor, parlor, savior, | favour, flavour, humour, neighbour, | |||
valor, vapor | odour, parlour, saviour, valour, vapour | |||
14 | in- | incase, inclose, indorse, inquire, insure, | en- | encase, enclose, endorse, enquire, |
inure | ensure, enure | |||
15 | -dg- | abridgment, acknowledgment, judgment | -dge- | abridgement, acknowledgement, |
judgement | ||||
16 | -ction | connection, deflection, inflection, | -xion | connexion, deflexion, inflexion, |
retroflection | retroflexion | |||
US Spelling | UK spelling | ||
acommodations* | accommodation | ||
aluminum | aluminium | ||
all right (adv.)† | alright | ||
appal | appall | ||
busses or buses | buses | ||
catsup | ketchup | ||
check | cheque | ||
chilli | chili (con came) | ||
curb | kerb | ||
czar | tsar | ||
gage or gauge | gauge | ||
hiccup | hiccough | ||
gray | grey | ||
jail | gaol | ||
jewelry | jewellery | ||
kidnaped | kidnapped | ||
licorice | liquorice | ||
likable | likeable | ||
mustache | moustache | ||
pajamas | pyjamas | ||
plow | plough | ||
skeptic | sceptic | ||
story | storey (building) | ||
sulfur | sulphur | ||
tire | tyre | ||
veranda | verandah | ||
whisky | whiskey | ||
woolen, wooly | woollen, woolly | ||
worshiping | worshipping | ||
yogurt | yoghurt | ||
US version | UK version | ||
— | a-road | ||
academician | academic* | ||
acclimate | acclimatise* | ||
ad | advert* | ||
adjuster | assessor* | ||
housing project | council house | ||
antenna | aerial | ||
apartment | flat* | ||
attorney | solicitor* | ||
automobile | car | ||
— | B-road | ||
baby buggy | pram (perambulator)* | ||
ballpoint | biro* | ||
baloney, bologna | — | ||
bangs | fringe* | ||
barrette | hairclip* | ||
bathe (v. trans.) | bath (v. trans.)* | ||
bathroom | loo | ||
beets | beetroot* | ||
beverage | drink | ||
big rig | juggernaut/eighteen wheeler | ||
biscuit | scone* | ||
— | blackspot | ||
bookstore | bookshop, bookseller | ||
braid | plait* | ||
bread box | bread bin | ||
broil (v.) | grill (v.) | ||
buffet | sideboard* | ||
— | butty | ||
calendar | diary | ||
candidacy | candidature* | ||
candy | sweets* | ||
centennial | centenary* | ||
check | bill | ||
checkers | draughts* | ||
cigarettes | fags | ||
chips | crisps* | ||
closet | cupboard*, wardrobe* | ||
club soda | soda (water) | ||
collectible | collectable*, etc. | ||
(ice-cream, etc.) cone | cornet | ||
cotton candy | candyfloss* | ||
cord | lead (lliyd) | ||
counter-clockwise | anti-clockwise* | ||
court sessions | assizes* | ||
cracker | cheese biscuit | ||
crosswalk | zebra crossing | ||
decal | transfer (n.) | ||
derby (hat) | bowler (hat)* | ||
diaper | nappy* | ||
disoriented | disorientated*, etc. | ||
drapes | curtains* | ||
drugstore | — | ||
eggplant | aubergine* | ||
elevator | lift* | ||
endive | chicory* | ||
fall (n.) | autunm* | ||
faucet | tap* | ||
fire-truck | fire-engine* | ||
flashlight | torch* | ||
French fries | chips* | ||
funeral home | funeral parlour* | ||
garbage can, trashcan | dustbin* | ||
garter | suspender* | ||
gasoline | petrol* | ||
German shepherd | Alsation* | ||
gotten (past part.) | got (past part.) | ||
government employee | civil servant* | ||
freeway | — | ||
highway | — | ||
thruway | — | ||
expressway | — | ||
— | motorway* | ||
hamburger (meat) | mince* | ||
hardware store | ironmonger’s* | ||
hood | bonnet (of car)* | ||
(life) insurance | (life) assurance | ||
jackhammer | pneumatic drill* | ||
jello | jelly | ||
jelly | jam | ||
kerosene | paraffin* | ||
kitty corner (to) | diagonally opposite | ||
kleenex (used generically) | tissue | ||
— | lay-by | ||
leash | lead | ||
liquor store | off-licence* | ||
mail (n. and v.) | post | ||
mailbox | pillar-box* | ||
math | maths* | ||
molasses | treacle* | ||
mortician | undertaker* | ||
movie house/theater | cinema | ||
(the) movies | (the) pictures | ||
muffler | silencer (car) | ||
napkin | serviette | ||
noon | midday | ||
outlet/socket | power point* | ||
overalls | dungarees* | ||
pants | trousers* | ||
pantyhose | tights | ||
parakeet (small) | budgerigar* | ||
parking lot | car-park* | ||
pedestrian crossing | zebra crossing | ||
pharmacy | chemist’s (shop) | ||
(couch) pillow | cushion* | ||
pillow-sham | — | ||
pin | brooch* | ||
pitcher | jug | ||
plaid | tartan* | ||
prom | — | ||
(nail) polish | (nail) varnish | ||
pudding | custard | ||
pullman car | sleeping car | ||
purse | handbag* | ||
realtor | estate agent* | ||
realty | property/estate | ||
reformatory | borstal* | ||
restroom, washroom | toilet | ||
retainers (dental) | braces | ||
résumé | c.v. (curriculum vitae) | ||
rooster | cock(erel)* | ||
rutabaga | swede* | ||
school | university/college | ||
sedan (car) | saloon (car) | ||
(shopping) cart | (shopping) trolley* | ||
(sales) clerk | (sales) assistant | ||
sheers | net curtains* | ||
sidewalk | pavement | ||
slick | slippery | ||
sneakers | trainers* | ||
soda | fizzy drink/pop | ||
sorbet | sherbet* | ||
specialty | speciality* | ||
squash (vegetable) | — | ||
— | marrow (vegetable) | ||
sports | athletics | ||
station wagon | estate car* | ||
stick-shift | manual | ||
storage room | box room* | ||
store | shop | ||
stove | cooker* | ||
subway | underground railway* | ||
suspenders | braces | ||
sweater | jumper | ||
swimsuit | bathing costume* | ||
taffy | toffee* | ||
t.v. | tele* | ||
telephone booth | telephone kiosk*/box | ||
tow truck | breakdown van* | ||
tractor trailer | juggernaut | ||
traffic post | bollard* | ||
trailer/camper/mobile home | caravan* | ||
trailer truck, tractor-trailer | articulated lorry* (alt. artic) | ||
transportation (n.) | transport (n.)* | ||
trash, garbage | rubbish* | ||
trial lawyer | barrister* | ||
truck | lorry* | ||
trunk | boot (of car)* | ||
tuxedo | dinner jacket* | ||
undershirt | vest | ||
underpants (women’s) | knickers* | ||
vacation | holiday(s)* | ||
vacuum-cleaner | hoover (n. & v.)* | ||
vest | waistcoat | ||
windshield | windscreen* | ||
wrench | spanner | ||
xerox | photocopy* | ||
yard | garden | ||
zipper | zip* | ||
zucchini | courgettes* | ||
US CPA | UK CPA | Example Words |
R-Dropping (Vr => Vv, V or *) |
i·r | i·* | here, hear, peer |
I·r | I·#r | mirror, pirouette, spirit |
E·r | e* | hair, bear, care |
A·r | A | hard, bar, car |
aw·r | aw·* | hour, bower, cower |
aj·r | aj·* | hire, lyre, liar, choir |
-aj·r | -* or -i* | Shropshire, etc. (N.B. speaker style dependent, |
may use both variations with -* preferred.) | ||
O·r | O | hoard, lord, chord |
U·r | u* | boor, dour, lure, poor, you’re |
*r | * | heard, bird, fur, for, word, worker, hitter, butter, |
mother, worker | ||
E·r | a·r | harrow, barrel, carol |
-*r- | -{circumflex over ( )}·r- | borough, burrow, concurrent, currency, currant, |
courage, Durham, flourish, furrow, furrier, hurry, | ||
hurricane, murrain, nourish, occurrence, scurry, | ||
slurry, surrogate, thorough, turret, worry | ||
-*r- | -u*·r- | courier, mercury, obdurate, tournament, |
tourniquet | ||
-O·r | -A | abattoir, reservoir |
-U·r | -* | amateur. chauffeur, connoisseur, investiture, |
literature, masseur | ||
-U·r | -O- | your, yours, you’re, yourself, yourselves |
(N.B. “-our” spelling) |
Other Vowel Shifts |
a | A | after, aghast, Alexander, can’t, half, khaki, laugh, |
last | ||
-a- | -e- | data, datum, patent (idea and leather), Graham |
(N.B. 2 syllables in UK English), scabrous, status | ||
A | O | although, altar, bauxite, caulk, awful, etc. |
(N.B. pattern in orthography is “al”, “au”, “aw” | ||
in same syllabale) | ||
A | @ | abolish, aquatic, dog, hot, off, etc. (N.B. pattern |
in orthography is “CoC” or “CaC”, where C is an | ||
orthographic consonant.) | ||
-A- | -o- | codicil, codify, docile, process, progress, troth |
-aj- | -i- | albino, anti-, iodine, labyrinthine, migraine, |
semi-, strychnine, clientele, endive (N.B. anti- | ||
rule does not apply to antidote (US) because | ||
anti- is not a prefix.) | ||
-aj- | -I- | dynasty, privacy, simultaneous, -eity (N.B. |
distinguishing from above rule may require case | ||
by case review.) | ||
-i- | -E- | cretin, depot, ecumenical, egocentric, egotistic, |
etc., Oedipus, Petrarch | ||
-i- | -aj- | either, neither, carbine, elephantine, philistine, |
saline, serpentine, mercantile (N.B. distinguishing | ||
from above rule may require case by case | ||
review.) | ||
E | i | -centenary, epoch, esthete, (d)evolution, febrile, |
hygienic, lever, methane, predecessor | ||
E- | I- | esquire, erotic, expletive |
-e | -I | Monday, Tuesday, etc., always, holiday |
e | -i- | beta, lingerie, theta |
-e- | -A- | charade, esplanade, gala, promenade, stratum, |
tomato | ||
-a- | -e- | apparatus, apricot, compatriot, comrade, paleo-, |
prefix, patriarchal, -otic, -otism, patronage, -ise, | ||
phalanx | ||
-o- | -@- | baroque, compost, coquetry, coquette, dolorous, |
polka, produce (noun), protege, provost, scone, | ||
shone, sloth, sol-fa, sojourn, troll, Van Gogh, | ||
yoghurt | ||
-u- | -U- | room, broom |
-U- | -@- | grovel, hovel, hover, hovercraft |
US CPA | UK CPA | Examples |
d | d·j | -duce affix, conduit, credulity, deuced, |
dew, dual, ducal, due, -due, dule, duenna, | ||
duet, dune, duo-, dupe, -dup-, dur-, duty, | ||
endure, indubitable, irreducible, mildew, | ||
obdurate | ||
l | l·j | curlew, dilution, prelude |
n | n·j | anew, annuity, avenue, continuity, denude, |
diminution, diminutive, enumerate, ingenuity, | ||
inure, manure, minute (adj.), -new-, nubile, | ||
neur-, neuter, neutr-, newel, nuance, nucl-, | ||
nud-, nuisance, numer-, numis-, nutrition, | ||
parvenu, penurious, pneu-, revenue | ||
s | s·j | capsule, consulate, consume, consummate, |
insular, insuperable, marsupial, peninsula(r), | ||
pharmaceutical, pseudo-, -sume suffix | ||
S | s·j | cynosure |
z | z·j | exuberance, exude, presume |
t | t·j | -tud-, -tun-, -tup-, -tute, -tution affixes; tuber-, |
tum-, -tut- prefixes and infix, angostura, | ||
centurion, costume, futurity, impromptu, | ||
intuition, obtuse, perpetuity, petunia, | ||
pituitary, quintuplets, stew, steward, stu-, tuba, | ||
tube, tubular, Tudor, Tuesday, tuition, tulip, | ||
tulle, tumid, tuna, tunic, tureen | ||
T | T·j | enthuse, -iasm, etc., thews |
tS | s·t·j or s·t·I | bastion, bestial, celestial (N.B. speaker style |
dependent, can list both as variations with | ||
/s·t·j/ as preferred.) | ||
Z | z·j or z·I | brazier, casuist, crosier (N.B. speaker style |
dependent, can list both as variations with | ||
/z·j/ as preferred.) | ||
US CPA | UK CPA | Examples |
! | t or d | better, hotter, martyr, body, odder, tardy |
US CPA | UK CPA | Examples |
s | z | berserk, blouse, diagnose, diesel, erase, -ese |
(suffix), exacerbate, fuselage, houses, Leslie, | ||
mimosa, parse, talisman, valise, vase | ||
S | s(j) | issue, tissue, glacier, hessian, liquorice (N.B. |
speaker style dependent, can list both as | ||
variations with /s/ preferred.) | ||
Z | S | Asia, (-)version, cashmere, coercion, dispersion, |
excursion, immersion, incursion, Persia. | ||
z | s | Afrikaans, asthma, naus -ea, -eate, -eous, etc., |
exclusive, spouse | ||
Z | z | ambrosia, amnesia, anaesthesia, euthanasia, |
glazier, hosier, hosiery, Indonesia, osier, Parisian | ||
D | T | booth, baths, cloths, earthen, moths, |
notwithstanding | ||
t | tS | immature, maturity |
tS | t·j | importunate (v. and n.), petulance, posthumous, |
prefecture, pustule, spatula, spirituous | ||
tS | dZ | Norwich, Greenwich, spinach (N.B. spelling |
“ch” vs. above.) | ||
dZ | d·j | -uous (suffix), cordial, deduce, fraudulent, |
glandular, incredulous, module, nodule, ordure, | ||
pendulous, pendulum, residual | ||
g·z | k·s | eczema, exhortation |
US CPA | UK CPA | Examples |
-*·z·e·S·*·n | -aj·z·e·S·*·n | centralization, characterization, |
demoralization, fertilization, generalization, | ||
localization, immobilization, immunization, | ||
improvisation | ||
-E·r·i | -r·i | capillary, culinary, anniversary, |
contemporary, and suffixes: -berry, -ary, and | ||
-ery. | ||
-O·r·i | -r·i | conservatory, conciliatory, depilatory, |
depository, exclamatory, extemporary, | ||
inflammatory, inventory, laboratory, | ||
lavatory, mandatory, signatory | ||
-b·r·o | -b·r·* | Edinburgh, Lougliborough, Scarborough, |
etc. | ||
-e·t·I·v | -*·t·I·v | authoritative, communicative, deliberative, |
generative, imaginative, imitative, legislative | ||
-i·j·E·r·i | -*·r·i | auxiliary, aviary, beneficiary, judiciary, |
pecuniary | ||
-e·!·I·v | -*·t·I·v | contemplative, meditative, operative, |
palliative (N.B. that flap rule is also being | ||
applied here) | ||
-U·r | -* | miniature, temperature |
-o- | -*- | alimony, antimony, ceremony, matrimony, |
patrimony, obedient, obey, pomade, | ||
thorough, volition | ||
-e- | -*- | candidate, vacation |
-u- | -*- | chartreuse, masseuse |
-a- | -*- | baboon, -man, chagrin, circumstance, |
papoose, saucepan | ||
-A- | -*- | Amazon (the rainforest), automaton, |
biathlon, capon, hexagon, etc., lexicon, | ||
marathon, triathlon, etc., occult, | ||
pantechnicon, pantheon, paragon, pentagon, | ||
phenomenon, pylon, python, silicon, | ||
tarragon, wainscot | ||
-o- | -*- | borough, brimstone, brocade, chromatic, |
Olympic, probation, proclaim, procure, | ||
profane, profound, prohibit, proliferate, | ||
prosaic, thorough | ||
-(*)·l | -aj·l | contractile, docile, domicile, facile, fissile, |
fragile, futile, hostile, infantile, missile, | ||
(im)mobile, nubile, projectile, puerile, | ||
reptile, sensile, servile, sterile, tactile, | ||
tensile, versatile, virile, volatile | ||
US·CPA | UK·CPA | Word |
1e·d·A·l·f | 1a·d·@·l·f | Adolph |
1a·l·m·*·n·*r | 1A·m·*·n* | almoner |
1a·m·p·i·r | 1a·m·p·e* | ampère |
e·t | E·t | ate (Note 1) |
a·!·*·1S·e | *1t·a·S·e | attaché |
b·*·1l·e | 1b·a·l·e | ballet |
1b·a·r·I·dZ | 1b·a·r·A·Z | barrage |
1b·e·z·*·l | 1b·a·z·*·l | basil (herb and first |
name) | ||
1b·U·g·i | 1b·o·g·i | bogey |
b·r·*·1z·i·r | 1b·r·a·z·i·* | brassière |
1b·r·i·tS·I·z | 1b·r·I·tS·I·z | breeches |
1b·r·A·s·k | 1b·r·u·s·k | brusque |
1b·u·i· | 1b·Oj | buoy, -ancy, -ant |
k·*·1f·e | 1k·a·f·e | café |
1k·a·n·!·*·l·o·p | 1k·a·n·t·*·l·u·p | cantaloupe |
1k·A·r·m·*·l | 1k·a·r·*·m·E·l | caramel |
1k·A·r·b·*·r·e·!·*r | k·A·b·*·1r·E·t·* | carburettor |
1k·a·r·*·l·A·n | k·*·1r·I·l·j·*·n | carillon |
1tS·a·z·j·*·b·*·l | 1tS·a·z·j·U·b·*·l | chasuble |
s·I·1k·e·d·* | s·I·1k·A·d·* | cicada |
1k·l·a·b·*r·d | 1k·l·a·p·b·O·d | clapboard |
1k·l·*r·k | 1k·l·A·k | clerk |
k·l·Oj·z·*·1n·e | k·l·w·A·1z·@·n·e | cloisonné |
1k·*r·n·*·l | k·*·n·*·l | colonel |
k·*·m·1p·A·z·I·t | 1k·@·m·p·*·z·aj·t | composite (v.) |
1k·A·n·s·*·k·w·E·n·s | 1k·@·n·s·I·k·w·*·n·s | consequence |
1k·A·n·s·*·m·e | k·*·n·1s·@·m·e | consommé |
1k·A·n·s·t·*·b·*·l | 1k·{circumflex over ( )}·n·s·t·*·b·*·l | constable |
k·O·r·1n·E·t | 1k·O·n·I·t | cornet |
1k·O·r·*·l·E·r·i | k·*·1r·@·*·r·i | corollary |
1k·A·z·m·o·s | 1k·@·z·m·@·s | cosmos |
1k·o·v·*r·t | 1k·{circumflex over ( )}·v·*·t | covert |
1k·j·u·p·A·n | 1k·u·p·A·n | coupon |
1k·O·r·!·I·z·*·n | k·O·t·I·1z·a·n | courtesan |
1k·aj·o·!·i | 1k·Oj·o·t·i | coyote |
1k·u·k·u· | 1k·U·k·u | cuckoo |
1d·A·k·s·h·U·n·d | 1d·a·k·s·*·n·d | dachshund |
1d·a·l·j·* | 1d·e·l·I·* | dahlia |
1d·*·r·b·i | 1d·A·b·i | derby |
I·1l·i·t | e·1l·i·t | élite |
1E·r·* | 1·i·*·r·* | era |
1Er | 13 | err |
I1r·e·S·*r | I·1r·e·Z·* | erasure |
1E·s·k·w·aj·*r | I·1s·k·w·aj·* | esquire |
f·*·1·k·i·r | 1f·e·k·i·* | fakir |
1f·I·g·j·*r | 1f·I·g·* | figure, figurative, |
etc. | ||
f·I·n·*n·1s·I·r | f·aj·1n·a·n·s·i·* | financier |
1f·l·u·t·I·s·t | 1f·l·O·t·I·st | flautist |
1f·O·r·h·E·d | 1f·@·r·I·d | forehead |
1f·O·r·t | f·O·r·1t·e | forte |
1f·Oj·*r | 1F·Oj·e | foyer |
1f·r·e·k·*·s | 1f·r·a·k·A | fracas |
1f·j·U·r·*r | f·j·u·1r·O·r·i | furore |
g·*·1r·A·z | 1g·a·r·I·dZ | garage |
dZ·*·1l·a·!·n·*·s | dZ·*·1l·a·t·I·n·*·s | gelatinous (Note 2) |
1g·l·u·!·n·*·s | 1g·l·u·t·I·n·*·s | glutinous (Note 2) |
1g·u·s·b·E·r·i | 1g·U·z·b·r·i· | gooseberry |
1g·O·r·d | 1g·u*·d | gourd |
1g·r·I·m·I·s | g·r·I·1m·e·s | grimace (v., n.) |
1h·E·r·*·m | 1h·A·r·i·m | harem |
1h·E·k·t·*r | 1h·E·k·t·E·* | hectare |
*r·b | h·3·b | herb, herbal etc. |
1h·i·#·r·o | 1h·I·r·#o | hero (Note 3) |
h·U·f,·h·U·v·z | h·u·f,·h·u·v·z | hoof, hooves |
1h·aw·s·w·aj·f·*·r·i | 1h·aw·s·w·I·f·r·i | housewifery |
1h·*r·I·k·e·n | 1h·{circumflex over ( )}·r·I·k·*·n | hurricane |
1h·aj·p·A·t·n·us | 1h·aj·p·@·t·I·n·j·u·z | hypotenuse |
1aj·d·I·l·(-I·k) | 1I·d·I·l·(-I·k) | idyll, idyllic |
I·1l·{circumflex over ( )}·s·t·r·*·!·I·v | 1I·l·*·s·t·r·*·t·I·v | illustrative |
1l·m·b·*·s·I·l | 1I·m·b·*·s·i·l | imbecile |
I·m·1p·a·s | 1a·m·p·A·s | impasse |
I·m·2p·r·A·v·I·1z·e·S·*·n | I·m·p·r·*·v·aj·1z·e·S·*n | improvisation |
1a·n·dZ·*·n·u | 1ã·Z·*·n·j·u | ingénue |
1I·n·s*·l·*r | 1I·n·s·j·U·l·* | insular |
1I·n·s·*·l·I·n | 1I·n·s·j·U·l·I·n | insulin |
I·n·!·*·r·1n·i·s·*n | I·n·t·*·1n·i·s·aj·n | internecine |
I·n·1v·e·g·*·l | I·n·1v·i·g·*·l | inveigle |
1dZ·a·g·w·A·r | 1dZ·a·g·j·u·* | jaguar |
k·*·1l·A·m·*·t·*r | 1k·I·l·*·m·i·t·* | kilometre |
1l·a·b·r··*·t·O·r·i | l·*·1b·@·r·*·t·r·i | laboratory |
1l·a·!·n | 1l·a·t·I·n | Latin (Note 2) |
1·li·Z·*r | 1l·E·Z·* | leisure |
1l·i·*·z·A·n | l·i·1e·z·*·n | liaison |
l·u·1t·E·n·*·n·t | l·E·f·1t·E·n·*·n·t | lieutenant |
1l·aj·l·a·k | 1l·aj·l·*k | lilac |
1·I·1k·*r | l·I·1k·j·u* | liqueur |
1l·O·g˜·dZ·I·t·u·d | 1l·@·n·dZ·I·t·j·u·d | longitude |
m·*1k·A·b·*r | m*·1k·A·b·r | macabre |
m·a·t·1n·e | 1m·a·t·I·n·e | matinée |
1m·E·d·I·s·*·n | 1m·E·d·s·I·n | medicine (Note 4) |
1m·e·l·e | 1m·E·l·e | mêlée |
1m·E·t·*·l·*r·dZ·I·st | m·*·1t·a·l·*·dZ·I·s·t | metallurgist, -urgy |
1m·E·z·*·n·i·n | 1m·E·t·s·*·n·i·n | mezzanine |
1m·I·d·w·aj·f·*r·i | m·I·d·1w·I·f·r·i | midwifery |
m·i·l1·j·u | 1m·I·l·j·* | milieu |
1m·I·s·*·l·e·n·i | m·I·1s·E·l·*·n·i | miscellany |
1m·o·k·* | 1m·@·k·* | mocha |
1m·O·r·I·b·*·n·d | 1m·@·r·I·b·*·n·d | moribund |
m·aw·n·t·n·1i·r | m·aw·n·t·I·1n·i* | mountaineer |
1m·{circumflex over ( )}·s·t·a·S | m·*·1s·t·A·S | moustache |
n·A·n·S·*·1l·A·n·t | 1n·@·n·S·*·l·*·n·t | nonchalant |
1n·A·n·s·E·n·s | 1n·@·n·s·*·n·s | nonsense |
1n·u·g·*·t | 1n·u·g·A | nougat |
o·1m·e·g·* | 1o·m·I·g·* | omega |
1o·m·*·n | 1o·m·E·n | omen |
1As·p·r·i | 1@·s·p·r·e | osprey |
1p·A·p·A | p·*·1p·A | papa |
p*1p·r·i··k·* | 1p·a·p·r·I·k·* | paprika |
p·A·1t·e | 1p·a·t·e | pâté |
f·I·z·i·1A·g·n·*·m·i | f·I·z·i·1@·n·*·m·i | physiognomy |
1p·r·i··m·*·t·U·r | 1p·r·E·m·*·tS·* | premature |
p·r·*·1m·i·r | 1p·r·E·m·i* | premier |
p·r·*·1m·i·*r | 1p·r·E·m·i·e* | première |
1p·u·m·* | 1p·j·u·m·* | puma |
1k·w·aj·n·aj·n | k·w·I·1n·i·n | quinine |
r·I·1m·A·n·s·t·r·e·t | 1r·E·m·*·n·s·t·r·e·t | remonstrate |
1r·E·n·*·s·A·n·s | r·I·1n·e·s·*·n·s | renaissance |
1r·E·s·t·*r·*·n·t | 1r·E·s·t·*·r·@·n·t | restaurant |
1r·E·v·*·l·i | r·I·1v·a·l·i | reveille |
1s·e·n·t·(Name) | 1s·*·n·t·(Name) | Saint |
s·e·1t·a·n·*·k | s·*·1t·a·n·I·k | satanic |
s·*·1v·A·n·t | 1s·a·v·*·n·t | savant |
1s·k·E·dZ·u·l | 1S·E·d·j·u·l | schedule |
1s·E·k·*·n·d·(v.) | s·I·1k·@·n·d·(v.) | second |
1S·i·k | 1S·e·k | sheik |
1s·l·u· | 1s·l·aw | slough |
1s·A·d·*r | 1s·o·l·d·* | solder |
1s·p·E·S·*·l·t·i· | s·p·E·S·I·1a·l·I·t·i | specialty/speciality |
1s·k·w·*r·l | 1s·k·w·I·r·*·l | squirrel |
1s·t·*r·*·p | 1s·t·I·r·*·p | stirrup |
s·*·1b·O·l·t·*r·n | 1s·{circumflex over ( )}·b·*·l·t·*·n | subaltern |
s·*·g·1dZ·E·s·t | s·*·1dZ·E·s·t | suggest |
t·a·1tu | t·*·1t·u | tattoo |
t·E·m·p·*1r·E·r·I·l·i | 1t·E·m·p·r·*·l·i | temporarily |
1T·e·!·*· | 1T·i·t·* | theta |
1T·I·T·*r | 1D·I·D·* | thither |
1t·O·r·d·z | t·*·1w·O·d·z | towards |
1t·r·e·k·i·* | t·r·*·1k·i·* | trachea |
t·r·a·1p·i·z | t·r·*1p·i·z | trapeze |
1t·r·aw·m·* | 1t·r·O·m·* | trauma |
1t·r·aj·k·{circumflex over ( )}·l·*r | 1t·r·I·k·*·l·* | tricolour |
1·{circumflex over ( )}·n·dZ·*·l·e·t | 1·{circumflex over ( )}·n·d·j·u·l·e·t | undulate |
{circumflex over ( )}·n·1E·r·I·g˜ | {circumflex over ( )}·n·13·r·I·g˜ | unerring |
{circumflex over ( )}·n·1t·O·r·d | {circumflex over ( )}·n·t·*·1w·O·d | untoward |
v·e·s | v·A·z | vase |
v·*r·1m·u·T | 1v·3·m·*·T | vermouth |
v·*·1s·I·s·I·t·u·d | v·aj·1s·I·s·I·t·j·u·d | vicissitude |
1v·aj·!·*·m·*·n | 1v·I·t·*·m·I·n | vitamin |
1v·o·k·s·w·a·g·*·n | 1f·o·k·s·v·A·g·*·n | Volkswagen |
1v·A·l·j·*·m | 1v·@·l·j·u·m | volume |
1w·e·s·t·k·o·t | 1w·E·s·k·I·t | waistcoat |
1h·u·p | 1·w·u·p | whoop |
1w·I·g·w·A·m | 1w·I·g·w·a·m | wigwam |
1w·*r·s·t·E·d | 1w·U·s·t·I·d | worsted (cloth) |
1r·A·T | 1r·@·T | wrath |
1z·i | 1z·E·d | z |
1z·i·b·r·* | 1z·E·b·r·* | zebra |
1z·i·n·I·T· | 1z·E·n·I·T | zenith |
1z·i·#r·o | 1z·i*·r#o | zero (Note 3) |
US·CPA | UK·CPA | Word | ||
1g·{circumflex over ( )}·v·*·n·*r | 1g·{circumflex over ( )}·v·*·n·* | governor | ||
s·*·1p·r·aj·z | s·*1p·r·aj·z | surprise | ||
US version | UK version | ||
adver1tisement | ad1vertisement | ||
1ally (v.) | al1ly (v.) | ||
1apple sauce | apple 1sauce (Note | ||
1) | |||
a1ristocrat | 1aristocrat | ||
ba1llet | 1ballet (Note 2) | ||
1ballyhoo | bally1hoo | ||
1Bangkok | Bang1kok (Note 3) | ||
Ber1nard | 1Bernard (Note 4) | ||
1berserk | ber1serk | ||
ca1ffeine | 1caffeine | ||
1capillary | ca1pillary | ||
1castrate | cas1trate | ||
1cigarette | cigar1ette | ||
com1bat (v.) | 1combat (v.) | ||
com1batant | 1combatant | ||
com1bative | 1combative | ||
com1pensatory | compen1satory | ||
com1plex (adj.) | 1complex (adj.) | ||
com1posite (adj.) | 1composite (adj.) | ||
1constitutive | con1stitutive | ||
de1tail (n. and v.) | 1detail (n. and v.) | ||
1dictate (v.) | dic1tate (v.) | ||
dis1locate | 1dislocate | ||
1donate | do1nate | ||
e1longate | 1elongate | ||
1extant | ex1tant | ||
fron1tier | 1frontier | ||
1frustrated | fru1strated | ||
1gyrate | gy1rate | ||
ha1rass | 1harass | ||
impor1tune | 1importune | ||
im1pregnate | 1impregnate | ||
in1culcate | 1inculcate | ||
in1culpate | 1inculpate | ||
in1filtrate | 1infiltrate | ||
1locate | lo1cate | ||
1magazine | maga1zine | ||
1mamma | mam1ma | ||
1manganese | manga1nese | ||
1margarine | marga1rine | ||
ma1ssage | 1massage | ||
1mayonnaise | mayonn1aise | ||
1mayoress | mayr1ess | ||
1migrate | mi1grate | ||
obo1lete | 1obsolete | ||
o1regano | ore1gano | ||
pall1iasse | 1palliasse | ||
1partisan | parti1san | ||
pas1tel | 1pastel | ||
pa1tina | 1patina | ||
per1mit (n.) | 1permit (n.) | ||
1placate | pla1cate | ||
pre1ferably | 1preferably | ||
pro1lix | 1prolix | ||
1prospect (v.) | pro1spect (v.) | ||
1prospector | pro1spector | ||
1protest (v.) | pro1test (v.) | ||
1pulsate | pul1sate | ||
pur1port (v.) | 1purport (v.) | ||
1quadrate | quad1rate | ||
1quatenary | qua1tenary | ||
1refugee | refu1gee | ||
1research | re1search | ||
1rotate | rot1ate | ||
sta1lacmite | 1stalacmite | ||
sta1lagmite | 1stalagmite | ||
1spectator | spec1tator | ||
1solitaire | soli1taire | ||
1serrated | ser1rated | ||
1strip-search | strip-1search | ||
1submarine | subma1rine | ||
1tangerine | tan1gerine | ||
1testator | test1ator | ||
1truncate | trun1cate | ||
1vacate | va1cate | ||
va1gary | 1vagary | ||
1vibrate | vib1rate | ||
1waste paper | waste 1paper (Note 1) | ||
appliqué | château | ennui | nouveau | rapport |
attaché | chauffeur | enpassant | outré | rapprochement |
ballet | cloisonné | entrée | parquet | Renault |
baton | comedienne | exposé | passé | retrousée |
beret | consommé | fiancé(e) | pastille | risqué |
blasé | coupé | fillet | pâté | sachet |
bonhomie | crochet | gâteau | peignoir | sauté |
boudoir | croquet | gaucherie | perfume | son et lumière |
brassière | curé | massage | Peugeot | sorbet |
brochure | debris | matinée | pierrot | soufflé |
buffet | début | mélange | piqué | souvenir |
cabaret | décolleté | melée | plateau | tableau |
cachet | décor | ménage | pot-pourri | toupé |
café | démodé | métier | précis | trousseau |
chagrin | dénouement | milieu | protégé | valet |
chalet | dressage | mirage | purée | |
chamois | élite | négligé | ragout | |
Claims (16)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US09/745,371 US6738738B2 (en) | 2000-12-23 | 2000-12-23 | Automated transformation from American English to British English |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/745,371 US6738738B2 (en) | 2000-12-23 | 2000-12-23 | Automated transformation from American English to British English |
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Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US20020173966A1 US20020173966A1 (en) | 2002-11-21 |
US6738738B2 true US6738738B2 (en) | 2004-05-18 |
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US09/745,371 Expired - Lifetime US6738738B2 (en) | 2000-12-23 | 2000-12-23 | Automated transformation from American English to British English |
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