WO2011155818A1 - Method for inspecting a collection of wooden parts - Google Patents

Method for inspecting a collection of wooden parts Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011155818A1
WO2011155818A1 PCT/NL2011/000044 NL2011000044W WO2011155818A1 WO 2011155818 A1 WO2011155818 A1 WO 2011155818A1 NL 2011000044 W NL2011000044 W NL 2011000044W WO 2011155818 A1 WO2011155818 A1 WO 2011155818A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
wooden parts
density
instance
construction
determined
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/NL2011/000044
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Marcel Verweij
Original Assignee
Multigarant B.V.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Multigarant B.V. filed Critical Multigarant B.V.
Publication of WO2011155818A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011155818A1/en

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/92—Protection against other undesired influences or dangers
    • E04B1/94—Protection against other undesired influences or dangers against fire
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/46—Wood
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N9/00—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity
    • G01N9/36—Analysing materials by measuring the density or specific gravity, e.g. determining quantity of moisture

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for inspecting a collection of wooden parts, which wooden parts are intended for incorporation in a construction or are already incorporated therein.
  • This therefore relates to a building construction such as a floor, staircase or other walkable surface, wall, frame, ceiling, roof and roof construction, or a civil engineering construction such as a camp sheeting and a sheet piling, and wooden parts such as planks and beams.
  • Building and civil engineering constructions must comply with determined building standards. These are for instance fire safety, strength and stiffness and durability.
  • fire safety In the case of a construction incorporating wood it is necessary for instance to comply with specific fire safety requirements, wherein diverse factors are of importance, such as dimensions, finish, shape and surface roughness of the wooden parts concerned, such as planks and beams.
  • density, the mass per unit volume, of the wood used is a particularly significant parameter because it is of great importance in respect of the fire behaviour, the contribution toward fire propagation and smoke production.
  • the density of the wood used is also a crucial parameter in respect of the strength properties, stiffness and durability.
  • the moisture content further affects the volume (swelling or shrinkage), strength properties, durability and the thermal, electrical and dielectric properties of the wood. It is therefore usually important for the moisture content to be determined. It is then possible for instance to calculate a density at a specific moisture content.
  • One or more samples can again be taken from a specific batch of wooden parts and the moisture content thereof determined, but once again this provides no certainty about the moisture content of each individual wooden part, let alone over the whole volume or length thereof.
  • the density of wood moreover also varies with temperature. As is the case with most materials, the temperature affects the volume of wood (expansion or contraction) and thereby the density.
  • the density of wood is determined by the mass per unit volume of the dry matter (cell walls) the free water (in the cells) and the bound water (in the cell walls).
  • a usual definition of the moisture content of wood is (wet weight - dry weight) / dry weight.
  • the amount of dry matter per unit volume can vary to greater or lesser extent over the volume of a wooden part, and so depends on location.
  • the mass of the dry matter per unit volume can also vary due to swelling or shrinkage (due to moisture being absorbed or relinquished) or due to expansion or contraction (due to rise or fall in temperature).
  • the amount of water per unit volume depends on the temperature and humidity of the environment and to what extent equilibrium has already been reached between the wood and the environment, and also on the type of wood and the amount of dry matter per unit volume. The amount of water per unit volume therefore depends on the environment, the time and the location.
  • the present invention now provides a solution to this problem.
  • the invention provides a method for inspecting a collection of wooden parts, characterized in that the method comprises of:
  • 'Location-dependent determination' is understood to mean 'carrying out a determination as a function of location'.
  • the determination can take place through direct measurement, or indirectly by measuring one or more relevant quantities, for instance mechanical, electrical or dielectric properties, and determining the density on the basis thereof.
  • Measurement can take place for instance by means of one or more contactless sensors. Wooden parts such as planks or beams to be incorporated in a construction can for instance thus be scanned in a machine provided for this purpose, wherein use is made of X-radiation. Use can however also be made of another electromagnetic or ultrasonic measurement method provided for the purpose. Measurement can be performed here at set distances of for instance a number of centimetres or millimetres. In the context of the invention 'at set distances' is understood to mean 'at determined, not necessarily regular distances'. Measurement can however also take place continuously, for instance in the lengthwise direction. Measurement will in practice take place for instance every few centimetres.
  • the moisture content can also be determined in a similar manner. Making use of the determined values it is then possible for instance to calculate a density at a determined moisture content of for instance 12%.
  • the temperature can also be determined in a similar manner. This then provides even more certainty in respect of the density and related quantities such as the mass per unit volume of the dry matter, the free water and the bound water. It is thus possible for instance to determine with great certainty which wooden parts comply over their whole volume or length with a prescribed minimum value of the density at a determined moisture content. After selecting the wooden parts which comply with the prescribed minimum value, only these parts will be incorporated in the construction. If only portions of wooden parts comply, it is then also possible to select and separate these parts, for instance by means of sawing, after which only these parts are incorporated in the construction.
  • Wooden parts or portions thereof can thus be sorted in accordance with a specific minimum value of the density required in respect of the fire safety, strength and stiffness and/or durability. Only wooden parts or portions thereof with a density above this determined minimum value will then be incorporated in the construction. It is thus possible with very great certainty to comply with a given building standard. There will also be a wish in many cases not to include any wooden parts with too great a density, for instance wood which falls well within a requirement in respect of a minimum density. This wood can then be better used for other applications in which for instance a greater minimum density is required. In other words, the right wood can much better be used at the right location.
  • Wooden parts incorporated in a construction can thus also be inspected. These are wooden parts already incorporated in an existing construction. Use can for instance be made here of suitable handheld equipment provided for this purpose and based on X-radiation. It is thus possible for instance to determine whether a determined existing construction complies with a specific prescribed minimum value of the density. A decision can then also be made to replace the wooden parts or portions thereof with a density below the specific minimum value or for instance to reinforce these parts or portions thereof.
  • a rninimum density of 650 kg/m is required for oak incorporated in floor parts or parquet.
  • the density of oak is however found in practice to vary from 600-900 kg/m 3 at a moisture content of 12%.
  • the minimum requirement of 650 kg/m 3 will generally be met, but this is by no means certain.
  • Sections of the wooden parts found not to meet requirements can also be sawn out. Only wooden parts or sections thereof which comply over their whole volume or length with the minimum requirement of 650 kg/m 3 can thus be incorporated. It is then possible to say with a very high degree of certainty that floor parts or parquet manufactured therefrom comply with this requirement.
  • the wooden parts with a density greater than for instance 750 kg/m can for instance be kept apart for other applications where higher standards are set for the density.
  • a camp sheeting constructed from wooden planks is always found in practice to be damaged or to collapse only at a single location or several locations, while the greater part of the construction is still intact and undamaged. The durability of the camp sheeting is determined particularly by the weakest parts, and these are usually the planks not complying with a determined minimum density.
  • the durability and lifespan of the camp sheeting can be considerably increased, for instance doubled. It is also possible in the case of an existing camp sheeting to perform measurements on the individual planks and then arrange for preventive removal or strengthening of the planks or portions thereof which are not up to standard.
  • a wooden staircase must meet requirements in respect of strength and fire safety, including requirements relating to the density of the wood used. It has not been readily possible heretofore to determine whether a wooden staircase actually meets these requirements.
  • measurements on the individual wooden parts such as treads and risers in accordance with a method according to the invention, for instance every few centimetres, it is possible to determine with great certainty whether an existing staircase complies with the requirements in respect of density. Even better is to perform measurements on all wooden parts during construction and to use only those wooden parts and/or portions thereof which meet the set requirements.

Abstract

Method for inspecting a collection of wooden parts, characterized in that the method comprises of location-dependent determination of the value of the density of the individual wooden parts. Measurement can be performed here at set distances of for instance a number of centimetres or millimetres, or continuously. The moisture content and/or the temperature can also be determined in a similar manner. Wooden parts or portions thereof can thus be sorted for instance in accordance with a specific minimum value of the density required in respect of the fire safety, strength and stiffness and/or durability. Wooden parts incorporated in a construction can thus also be inspected. What is essential is that measurements are performed on individual wooden parts to be incorporated or already incorporated in a construction, wherein the density and/or the moisture content and/or the temperature is determined, at set small distances or continuously, as a function of the location. It is thus possible to determine for instance with greater or very great certainty whether determined building standards in respect of density of the wood used are met. Wooden parts and/or portions thereof falling well within the requirement can for instance also be kept apart for other applications with more stringent requirements.

Description

Method for inspecting a collection of wooden parts
Field of the invention
The invention relates to a method for inspecting a collection of wooden parts, which wooden parts are intended for incorporation in a construction or are already incorporated therein. This therefore relates to a building construction such as a floor, staircase or other walkable surface, wall, frame, ceiling, roof and roof construction, or a civil engineering construction such as a camp sheeting and a sheet piling, and wooden parts such as planks and beams.
Background of the invention
Building and civil engineering constructions must comply with determined building standards. These are for instance fire safety, strength and stiffness and durability. In the case of a construction incorporating wood it is necessary for instance to comply with specific fire safety requirements, wherein diverse factors are of importance, such as dimensions, finish, shape and surface roughness of the wooden parts concerned, such as planks and beams. In addition, the density, the mass per unit volume, of the wood used is a particularly significant parameter because it is of great importance in respect of the fire behaviour, the contribution toward fire propagation and smoke production. The density of the wood used is also a crucial parameter in respect of the strength properties, stiffness and durability.
Many building regulations therefore lay down requirements in respect of the minimum density of the wood to be used. However, only average values for the density are generally known for types of wood used in the building industry. It is therefore not possible to say with great certainty whether a set requirement in respect of a determined minimum density is actually met for all individually used wooden parts, and over the whole volume or length thereof. In order to have more certainty, one or more samples can be taken from a specific batch of wooden parts and the density thereof determined, but this still does not provide any certainty that each individual wooden part meets a set requirement in respect of a determined minimum density, let alone over the whole volume or length thereof. The density of wood moreover varies considerably with the moisture content. Building regulations therefore generally state a minimum density at a specific moisture content. The moisture content further affects the volume (swelling or shrinkage), strength properties, durability and the thermal, electrical and dielectric properties of the wood. It is therefore usually important for the moisture content to be determined. It is then possible for instance to calculate a density at a specific moisture content. One or more samples can again be taken from a specific batch of wooden parts and the moisture content thereof determined, but once again this provides no certainty about the moisture content of each individual wooden part, let alone over the whole volume or length thereof. The density of wood moreover also varies with temperature. As is the case with most materials, the temperature affects the volume of wood (expansion or contraction) and thereby the density.
The density of wood is determined by the mass per unit volume of the dry matter (cell walls) the free water (in the cells) and the bound water (in the cell walls). A usual definition of the moisture content of wood is (wet weight - dry weight) / dry weight. The amount of dry matter per unit volume can vary to greater or lesser extent over the volume of a wooden part, and so depends on location. The mass of the dry matter per unit volume can also vary due to swelling or shrinkage (due to moisture being absorbed or relinquished) or due to expansion or contraction (due to rise or fall in temperature). The amount of water per unit volume depends on the temperature and humidity of the environment and to what extent equilibrium has already been reached between the wood and the environment, and also on the type of wood and the amount of dry matter per unit volume. The amount of water per unit volume therefore depends on the environment, the time and the location.
In short, the mass per unit volume of the dry matter and of the free and bound water, and with that the density and the moisture content, therefore vary with the temperature and humidity of the environment, the time, the location in the wooden part and the temperature of the wood. Determining one or more of said quantities for only one or more samples of a specific batch of wooden parts does not therefore provide any certainty about the values of said quantities for each individual wooden part, let alone over the whole volume or length thereof. The present invention now provides a solution to this problem.
Summary of the invention
The invention provides a method for inspecting a collection of wooden parts, characterized in that the method comprises of:
- location-dependent determination of the value of the density of the individual wooden parts.
'Location-dependent determination' is understood to mean 'carrying out a determination as a function of location'. The determination can take place through direct measurement, or indirectly by measuring one or more relevant quantities, for instance mechanical, electrical or dielectric properties, and determining the density on the basis thereof. Measurement can take place for instance by means of one or more contactless sensors. Wooden parts such as planks or beams to be incorporated in a construction can for instance thus be scanned in a machine provided for this purpose, wherein use is made of X-radiation. Use can however also be made of another electromagnetic or ultrasonic measurement method provided for the purpose. Measurement can be performed here at set distances of for instance a number of centimetres or millimetres. In the context of the invention 'at set distances' is understood to mean 'at determined, not necessarily regular distances'. Measurement can however also take place continuously, for instance in the lengthwise direction. Measurement will in practice take place for instance every few centimetres.
The moisture content can also be determined in a similar manner. Making use of the determined values it is then possible for instance to calculate a density at a determined moisture content of for instance 12%. The temperature can also be determined in a similar manner. This then provides even more certainty in respect of the density and related quantities such as the mass per unit volume of the dry matter, the free water and the bound water. It is thus possible for instance to determine with great certainty which wooden parts comply over their whole volume or length with a prescribed minimum value of the density at a determined moisture content. After selecting the wooden parts which comply with the prescribed minimum value, only these parts will be incorporated in the construction. If only portions of wooden parts comply, it is then also possible to select and separate these parts, for instance by means of sawing, after which only these parts are incorporated in the construction. Wooden parts or portions thereof can thus be sorted in accordance with a specific minimum value of the density required in respect of the fire safety, strength and stiffness and/or durability. Only wooden parts or portions thereof with a density above this determined minimum value will then be incorporated in the construction. It is thus possible with very great certainty to comply with a given building standard. There will also be a wish in many cases not to include any wooden parts with too great a density, for instance wood which falls well within a requirement in respect of a minimum density. This wood can then be better used for other applications in which for instance a greater minimum density is required. In other words, the right wood can much better be used at the right location.
Wooden parts incorporated in a construction can thus also be inspected. These are wooden parts already incorporated in an existing construction. Use can for instance be made here of suitable handheld equipment provided for this purpose and based on X-radiation. It is thus possible for instance to determine whether a determined existing construction complies with a specific prescribed minimum value of the density. A decision can then also be made to replace the wooden parts or portions thereof with a density below the specific minimum value or for instance to reinforce these parts or portions thereof.
The invention is further elucidated hereinbelow on the basis of a number of exemplary embodiments. Exemplary embodiments
In accordance with a determined fire safety standard a rninimum density of 650 kg/m is required for oak incorporated in floor parts or parquet. The density of oak is however found in practice to vary from 600-900 kg/m3 at a moisture content of 12%. The minimum requirement of 650 kg/m3 will generally be met, but this is by no means certain. By now determining according to the invention the actual density of all individual wooden parts to be incorporated, for instance every other centimetre, it is possible to say with much more certainty that this requirement is met. The moisture content and optionally the temperature can also be determined here at the same locations and be taken into account. The wooden parts which comply are then selected for further processing. The other parts are then for instance used for other purposes. Sections of the wooden parts found not to meet requirements can also be sawn out. Only wooden parts or sections thereof which comply over their whole volume or length with the minimum requirement of 650 kg/m3 can thus be incorporated. It is then possible to say with a very high degree of certainty that floor parts or parquet manufactured therefrom comply with this requirement. The wooden parts with a density greater than for instance 750 kg/m can for instance be kept apart for other applications where higher standards are set for the density. A camp sheeting constructed from wooden planks is always found in practice to be damaged or to collapse only at a single location or several locations, while the greater part of the construction is still intact and undamaged. The durability of the camp sheeting is determined particularly by the weakest parts, and these are usually the planks not complying with a determined minimum density. By now carefully scanning the individual planks for density during assembly and only using planks with a determined minimum density, the durability and lifespan of the camp sheeting can be considerably increased, for instance doubled. It is also possible in the case of an existing camp sheeting to perform measurements on the individual planks and then arrange for preventive removal or strengthening of the planks or portions thereof which are not up to standard.
A wooden staircase must meet requirements in respect of strength and fire safety, including requirements relating to the density of the wood used. It has not been readily possible heretofore to determine whether a wooden staircase actually meets these requirements. By now performing measurements on the individual wooden parts such as treads and risers in accordance with a method according to the invention, for instance every few centimetres, it is possible to determine with great certainty whether an existing staircase complies with the requirements in respect of density. Even better is to perform measurements on all wooden parts during construction and to use only those wooden parts and/or portions thereof which meet the set requirements.
It will be apparent that the invention is not limited to the given exemplary embodiments. What is essential is that measurements are performed on individual wooden parts to be incorporated or already incorporated in a construction, wherein the density and/or the moisture content and/or the temperature is determined, at set small distances or continuously, as a function of the location. It is thus possible to determine for instance with greater or very great certainty whether determined building standards in respect of density and/or moisture content of the wood used are met. Wooden parts and/or portions thereof falling well within the requirement can for instance also be kept apart for other applications with more stringent requirements.

Claims

Claims
1. Method for inspecting a collection of wooden parts, characterized in that the method comprises of:
- location-dependent determination of the value of the density of the individual wooden parts.
2. Method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the method also comprises of: location-dependent determination of the value of the moisture content of the individual wooden parts.
3. Method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the method also comprises of:
location-dependent determination of the value of the temperature of the individual wooden parts.
4. Method as claimed in any of the claims 1-3, characterized in that the value is determined at set distances of for instance a number of centimetres or millimetres.
5. Method as claimed in any of the claims 1-3, characterized in that the value is determined continuously, for instance in the lengthwise direction.
6. Method as claimed in any of the claims 1-5, characterized in that making use of the determined values a calculation is made of the values of the density at a specific moisture content.
7. Method as claimed in any of the claims 1-6, wherein the wooden parts are intended to be incorporated in a construction, characterized in that the method also comprises of: selecting wooden parts on the basis of the determined values; and
incorporating the selected wooden parts in the construction.
8. Method as claimed in any of the claims 1-6, wherein the wooden parts are intended to be incorporated in a construction, characterized in that the method also comprises of: selecting portions of wooden parts on the basis of the determined values; and incorporating the selected portions in the construction.
9. Method as claimed in any of the claims 1-6, wherein the wooden parts are incorporated in a construction, characterized in that the method also comprises of:
selecting wooden parts on the basis of the determined values; and
- replacing the selected wooden parts.
10. Method as claimed in any of the claims 1-6, wherein the wooden parts are incorporated in a construction, characterized in that the method also comprises of:
selecting portions of wooden parts on the basis of the determined values; and replacing the selected portions.
1 1. Method as claimed in any of the claims 1 -6, wherein the wooden parts are incorporated in a construction, characterized in that the method also comprises of:
selecting wooden parts on the basis of the determined values; and
reinforcing the selected wooden parts.
12. Method as claimed in any of the claims 1-6, wherein the wooden parts are incorporated in a construction, characterized in that the method also comprises of:
selecting portions of wooden parts on the basis of the determined values; and reinforcing the selected portions.
13. Method as claimed in any of the claims 1-12, characterized in that use is made of X- radiation to determine the values.
PCT/NL2011/000044 2010-06-11 2011-06-05 Method for inspecting a collection of wooden parts WO2011155818A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL1038030 2010-06-11
NL1038030A NL1038030C2 (en) 2010-06-11 2010-06-11 METHOD FOR EXAMINING A COLLECTION OF WOODEN PARTS.

Publications (1)

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WO2011155818A1 true WO2011155818A1 (en) 2011-12-15

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN111595726A (en) * 2020-05-12 2020-08-28 陈华锋 Nondestructive testing method for water content of water-saturated wooden cultural relics

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1995035491A1 (en) * 1994-06-20 1995-12-28 Wesser & Dueholm A method of determining the density profile of a plate-shaped material
US20050165576A1 (en) * 2004-01-26 2005-07-28 Jesmonth Richard E. System and method for generating three-dimensional density-based defect map
WO2008110017A1 (en) * 2007-03-15 2008-09-18 University Of Northern British Columbia Systems and methods for monitoring wood product characteristics
DE202009006911U1 (en) * 2009-05-13 2009-08-13 Fagus-Grecon Greten Gmbh & Co Kg Apparatus for determining the bulk density of the material in a sheet strand

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1995035491A1 (en) * 1994-06-20 1995-12-28 Wesser & Dueholm A method of determining the density profile of a plate-shaped material
US20050165576A1 (en) * 2004-01-26 2005-07-28 Jesmonth Richard E. System and method for generating three-dimensional density-based defect map
WO2008110017A1 (en) * 2007-03-15 2008-09-18 University Of Northern British Columbia Systems and methods for monitoring wood product characteristics
DE202009006911U1 (en) * 2009-05-13 2009-08-13 Fagus-Grecon Greten Gmbh & Co Kg Apparatus for determining the bulk density of the material in a sheet strand

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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Title
ARIE MOOIMAN: "Brandvoorschriften", 13 September 2006 (2006-09-13), XP002619848, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http://www.houtinfo.nl/pdf/Brandvoorschriften%20beloopbare%20oppervlakken.pdf> [retrieved on 20110202] *

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN111595726A (en) * 2020-05-12 2020-08-28 陈华锋 Nondestructive testing method for water content of water-saturated wooden cultural relics
CN111595726B (en) * 2020-05-12 2023-02-10 陈华锋 Nondestructive testing method for water content of water-saturated wooden cultural relics

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